مولانا پروفیسر محمد اشرف خاں سلیمانی مرحوم
دارالمصنفین میں یہ خبر بھی نہایت رنج و افسوس کے ساتھ سُنی گئی کہ حضرت مولانا سید سلیمان ندوی کے عاشق صادق اور ان کے مرید و خلیفہ مولانا محمد اشرف خاں ستمبر کے مہینہ میں اس دارفانی سے رخصت ہوگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ پشاور یونیورسٹی میں شعبۂ عربی کے صدر، ایک عربی مدرسہ کے ناظم، خطیب اور مصلح و مرشد اور حضرت سید صاحب کے خاص فدائی تھے، سید صاحب کے جلوہ ہائے حسن جاناں کو انہوں نے کچھ اس طرح جذب کرلیا تھا کہ انہیں کو سب پکار اٹھیں گزر جائیں جدھر ہوکر۔ اسی لیے اپنے نام کے ساتھ نسبت سلیمانی لکھنے کا التزام کیا اور اپنی قیام گاہ کو سلیمان اکاڈمی کا نام دیکر خود کو علوم و معارف سلیمانی کا فیض عام کرنے کے لیے وقف کردیا، اس کا ثبوت ان کی کتاب ’’سلوک سلیمانی یا شاہراہ معرفت‘‘ ہے، یہ پہلے ۵۶۔۵۵ء میں معارف میں مضمون کی صورت میں چھپی جس کی داد اہل نظر نے دی تو اسی کو مزید تفصیل و اضافہ کے بعد کتابی شکل میں شایع کیا جس کے بارے میں مولانا دریا بادی نے لکھا کہ ’’کتاب صحیح نمونہ ماقل و دل ہے․․․․․․ سلوکِ سلیمانی بلکہ سلوک اشرفی کا ایک جامع دستور العمل․․․․․․ لطیف، سلیس، شگفتہ اور اندازہ بیان دلچسپ و پُرمزہ‘‘ ان کے اس البیلے اور شگفتہ طرز کی داد مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی نے یہ لکھ کردی کہ ’’مولانا اشرف خاں صاحب کا فطری جوہر کہیے یا سید صاحب کی ارادت و صحبت کا فیض کہ تحریر کی شگفتگی اور شیرینی کہیں ساتھ نہیں چھوڑتی یہ دراصل علامہ شبلی کی وہ میراث ہے جس سے نہ مولانا عبدالباری ندوی اپنی کامل اشرفیت و تقشف کے باوجود آزاد ہوسکے اور نہ سید صاحب اپنی کامل فنائیت اور...
The Quranic sciences of interpretations and principles of interpretations were originated in the epoch of holy prophet (saw) but compilation of both were started later. This is called principles of interpretations, which is the basic and important part of Islamic studies. Islamic scholars, commentators and explicators explained the holy Quran in the light of principles of interpretations. These are such basic principles those are guide lines for them so they will not deviate or drop the right way while interpreting and explaining the holy verses. These principles are laid down and followed by them so that they may find the will of Allah and actual meaning of holy Quran. A little difference in principles causes a huge difference in interpretation. Different methodology in principles resulted in many schools of thought. This article focusses on examining these schools of thought found in sub-continent and introduce their main books. This article deals with chronological evolution of said knowledge i.e. Principles of interpretations, and Quranic sciences specially originated by the famous principalities and interpreters of sub-continent.
Water stress is a key constraint in grain production of bread wheat. Using genomic and advanced breeding tools, genetic improvement in wheat and other crops is possible under water stress conditions. Fifty wheat genotypes were screened against water stress using traits like relative water contents and excised leaf water loss. Two water stress tolerant (Chakawal-50 and mairaj-08) and two susceptible (9436 and Millat-11) genotypes were identified and crossed to develop F1, F2 and backcross generations. Genetic analysis was conducted for relative water contents, excised leaf water loss, cell membrane thermo-stability, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll contents, plant height, flag leaf area, specific flag leaf area, peduncle length, spike length, number of tillers per plant, grain weight per spike, number of grains per spikes, 1000-grain weight, grain yield per plant and harvest index. Presence of additive, dominance and epistatic components were identified. Gene action was found complex showed that selection should be done in later generations for improvement of traits. Medium to high broad sense heritability, low to medium narrow sense heritability and low to high genetic advance was observed. Analysis under normal and water stress conditions revealed heterosis for relative water contents, excised leaf water loss, chlorophyll contents and plant height. Correlation analysis showed that relative water contents, cell membrane thermo-stability, photosynthetic rate and grain yield per plant were positively correlated with each other. Excised leaf water loss was negatively correlated with cell membrane thermo-stability, photosynthetic rate, relative water contents and grain yield per plant. A total of 30 ISSR markers were used to survey F2 population developed by a cross of Chakawal-50 (tolerance) and 9436 (susceptible) revealing a lots of DNA polymorphism. DNA polymorphism was used to construct genetic linkage map. In linkage analysis 73 bands produced from 4 ISSR markers were mapped on chromosomes. One QTL for photosynthetic rate on chromosome 3A, one for cell membrane thermo-stability on chromosome 2B and one for relative water contents on chromosome 4D was identified. These QTLs could be used to mold wheat genome into water stress tolerant wheat genome.