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An Improved Class of Estimators for Population Mean in Presence of Non - Response under Different Sampling Schemes

Thesis Info

Author

Aysha Saleem

Department

Department of Statistics, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

98

Subject

Statistics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M. Phil STAT 188

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676715640385

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من دی صفائی

من دی صفائی
رب سچے نوں چھڈ کے بنیوں نفس دا یار پجاری
ایہنے تیرا ساتھ نہیں دینا کیوں تیری مت ماری
من نوں چھڈ کے تن نوں دھوویں، دھوویں توں مل مل
من میلا تن اجلا تیرا، بھاندی نہیں ایہہ گل
قلب صفائی جے نہ ہووے ، پیر نوں فیر سنہڑا گھل
نظر عنایت نال اوہ کرسن تیرے قلب نوں جاری
من نوں صاف کریں جے اپنے ہووے نور اُجالا
جس تے نظر کرم دی ہووے بڑے نصیباں والا
قبر تیری وچ ذکر فکر نے دیوا آن ہے بالا
بن حسابوں بخشیا جاسیں جس دی سچی یاری
سوہنا سائیں سانوں ویکھو نعمتاں نال نوازے
ہر ہر نعمت والے اوہنے کھولے نیں دروازے
کھاویں موج مناویں نالے پھل وی دیوے تازے
پر توں سجناں کردا ناہیں اوہدی شکر گزاری
قادریؔ سائیں ویکھیں کدھرے رب نوں نہ بھل جاویں
اوہدے باہجھوں ہور کسے نوں توں نہ دکھ سنانویں
پنجتن پاک دا صدقہ میرے مولا کرم کماویں
صدقہ سوہنے پاک نبیؐ دا بخشیں امت ساری

الحرية الدينية فى الاسلام

ALLAH has created the mankind as a rational being. He created mankind and Jinns for His worship and He sent mankind upon Earth so that they inhabit it with the complicated tangle of faithfulness in God and yet do the worldly deeds. He will hold accountable each individual for what he did. This test would not remain valid if not accompanied with necessary freedom of action and belief. Freedom is actually bestowed upon mankind by God Himself and it will be totally wrong to maintain it as a modern achievement that came after western, or any other enlightenment. It is not that a human or a group of them or any constitution or charter can truly give or grant freedom. Most important of all this is freedom of Religion. There is no compulsion in Religion, 2: 256. The early Muslims remained steadfast to this principle in all of their Ghazvat and they granted freedom of religious belief to their subjects. Religious sites and houses of worship were safeguarded against any harm. Islam and religious freedom are not put together. The following article will examine the Issue of Freedom of Religion in Islam and will try to remove misunderstandings regarding the issue.

Mass Transfer in a Turbulent Contact Absorber

Vast amount of discrepancies are found in literature reporting the hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of the turbulent contact absorbers. Most of the literature available in this regard is for small diameter columns having wall effects. Therefore hydrodynamic and mass transfer characteristics of turbulent contact absorbers have been studied in a relatively large scale, 44.7 cm diameter Perspex column so that there are no wall effects. The data reported can now be used in the designing of these absorbers. Efforts have also been made to point out the reasons of discrepancies in the reported literature. Dimensionless correlations have been developed from the data obtained in this study based on the criteria that the ratio of the column diameter to packing diameter should be greater than 10, the column diameter should be greater than 15 cm, grid free area should be greater than 70%, the ratio of static bed height to column diameter should be less than 1 and the contributions of the gas and liquid distributors should be accounted for. The correlations developed were used to simulate the data of the earlier workers, which shows that the data of those workers who have fulfilled the above criteria, their data can also be represented with in ±30% error band, using the correlations developed in this study. To develop these correlations, necessary detailed pressure drop, liquid holdup, expanded bed height and the volumetric gas film mass transfer coefficients data was obtained in this study. To do this the variation of packing diameter (25mm, 38mm and 45mm), apparent packing density (160, 270, 354, 442, 547 kg/m3) and static bed height (15cm, 25cm and 35 cm) were studied. Gas and liquid velocities in the range of 1.8 to 3.6 m/s and 0 to 0.012 m/s were used respectively. For the hydrodynamic study water and air were used as working fluids. For the mass transfer coefficients the absorber was used in an adiabatic humidification mode. Violations of one or more of the above mentioned criteria are the main reasons for the vast amount of discrepancies in the literature data. These discrepancies fall within the experimental errors, only in the reported literature which has explicitly taken into consideration of the effect of gas and liquid distributors. It is also shown that all the reported data can be represented in a dimensionless form