''قانون بین الاقوام کی بنیادیں عہد اسلامی میں''ایک تحقیقی جائزہ '' Foundations of International Law in the Islamic era '' (An Exploratory review)

Human nature has become collectivist. And man's survival is in living together and fulfilling the necessities of life through mutual cooperation. As a result, a system of mutual relation is formed; the state has relation with the other state just as the individual has relations with the individual. If there is no balance and harmony in this relationship, then mutual conflict and tension is natural. In fact, international law has its beginnings from the Islamic era. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) conveyed the universal message of the Islamic State throughout the world through his foreign Strategy and diplomatic letters. Away from the concept of globalization, the importance of foreign relations has become more important in modern times. Therefore, just as it is necessary for the Islamic state to harmonize with the world conditions and events according to the requirements of the modern era, it is also necessary for the Islamic state to keep its ideological position in mind in all situations. So that the foreign strategy of the Islamic State is established on strong foundations and its principles are formulated in the light of International Law and Sharia. Keywords: International Law, Foreign Policy, Foundations, Islamic era 

Integration of Proteomic and Bioinformatics Analysis to Understand the Plants Responses to Humic Substances

Humic substances (HS) are heterogeneous organic compounds well known for stimulation of plant growth and development. The current study was designed to get insights about the physiological and metabolic processes induced by HS. Arabidopsis plants, grown hydroponically for 28 days on controlled conditions, were treated with HS at 1 mg C/L solution for 8 hours. iTRAQ (Isobaric Tag for Relative and Absolute Quantification) coupled LCMS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) of HS vs control roots resulted in identification of 902 proteins species. 92 proteins showed significantly differential expression pattern (p-value ≤ 0.05) with a fold change of ≥1.3 for up regulated and ≤-1.3 for down-regulated proteins. Bioinformatic tools such as GeneCodis3, KEGG, STRING, IIS and Cytoscape were applied to comprehend the biological processes, molecular functions and pathways most targeted and the interaction networks amongst the identified proteins. Functional characterization and pathway analysis classified the identified proteins into different functional categories including response to inorganic substances, redox homeostasis, energy metabolism, cell trafficking and division. Many proteins related to protein synthesis, processing and translocation were also differentially expressed under HS application, for example, HSP70s, BiP2, PDIs and PABs. Three proteins, DPP6 N-terminal domain-like protein, patellin-2 and aspartyl protease family protein showed highest expression of 2.3 foldchange while germin-like protein subfamily 1 member 17 (GLP1-17) and cysteine proteinase RD19a revealed the lowest expression of -2.2 fold-change. The proteinprotein interaction (PPI) analysis generated a complex network consisting of seven significant modules. The main module contains 90 different proteins mainly associated with translation and biosynthetic pathways. Centrality analysis of the network identified topoisomerase II (Top II) as the most enriched hub/and bottleneck protein of the network. The enhancement of protein ubiquitination and stimulation of redox homeostasis and secondary metabolic pathways may explain the stimulation of signaling pathways and augmented growth of plants treated with humic substances. The xii DEPs identified in recent proteomic study may give some clues about the targets of HS and act as a podium for future study but more researches both at molecular and physiological levels should be done for find out of the HS metabolic target. The results of our in-silico promoter analysis of HS responsive promoter coding genes (HSRPGs) coincides with the proteomic study via linking the most enriched cis-acting regulatory (CREs) with stress, hormones, growth and developments. These results highlight the understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in HS-plant interactions.