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Impact of Kushan Dynasty on Gandhara Art in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Bhatti Muhammad Ilyas

Department

Department of Anthropology, QAU

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xxx, 369

Subject

Anthropology

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/Ph. D. ANT/1371

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676715728546

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یہ ناداں گر گئے سجدے میںجب وقت قیام آیا

یہ ناداں گر گئے سجدے میں جب وقت قیام آیا
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
معزز اسا تذہ کرام اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!آج مجھے جس موضوع پر اظہار خیال کرنا ہے وہ ہے: ’’یہ ناداں گر گئے سجدے میں جب وقت قیام آیا‘‘
صدرِذی وقار!
ہر کام کا وقت مقرر ہے ، چمنستان میں گل نرگس کی شگفتگی کا ایک وقت ہے، نکہت باد بہاری کا ایک وقت ہے، کھیت اورکھلیان کے کشتِ زعفران بننے کا وقت ہے، طائر غور وفکر کی پرواز کا ایک وقت ہے، طفلانِ خود معاملہ کے عالم شباب میں پہنچنے کا ایک وقت ہے۔
صدرِمحترم!
انسان اشرف المخلوقات ہے ،شرف و بزرگی کا تاج اس کے سر سجا ہوا ہے، مجدی وسروری کی خلعتِ فاخرہ اس نے زیب تن کی ہوئی ہے ،عقل وشعور کی دولت سے مالا مال ہے ، مسجود الملائکہ کے خطاب سے نوازا گیا ہے۔ لیکن اسے بھی مسند رفیعہ کا صد رِنشیں بننے میں ایک وقت درکار ہے اس کوبھی منازل اپنے وقت پر ملتی ہیں۔
جنابِ صدر!
کام کو وقت پر کرنا ایک دانشمندی ہے، کمرۂ تدریس میں کتاب پر بھر پور توجہ عقلمندی ہے، مجاہد کی نظریاتی و جغرافیائی سرحدوں کی حفاظت دانشمندی ہے۔ خطیب کی اپنے خطبے کے لیے مکمل تیاری دانائی ہے، تاجر کی تجارت میں مکمل شمولیت عقلمندی ہے، زمستانی ہوائوں میں گرم لباس کا استعمال دانشمندی ہے، موسم گرما کی مسموم ہواؤں میں ہلکا پھلکا لباس استعمال کر نادانائی ہے۔
صدرِمحترم!
اگر کوئی جتنا بھی فطین ہے، ذہانت و فطانت کے میدان کا شاہسوار ہے، عقل وخرداس کے گھر کی لونڈی ہے، شعور وآگہی کی فاختاؤں نے اس کے گھر میں موجو دشجر سایہ دار پر اپنا آشیانہ بنا رکھا ہو، اس کی عقل...

تعقبات ابن العراقي واستدراكاته في تحفة التحصيل على العلائي في جامع التحصيل

The research reveals significant insights cited by Ibn Al ‘Irāqī in his book "Toḥfah Al Taḥṣīl" on the illusions of Al-‘Alā'ī in his book "Jāmi Al Taḥṣīl". It highlights the scientific value of those illusions that Ibn Al-‘Irāqī pointed out. Several of them are related to narrators of hadith and their issues of hearing from their sheikhs. Many of those illusions are related to the chain narrators (isnad), the main text of the report (matn), or their position in the books of sunnah. There are no previous studies on this subject. I put the sequential insights I revel under headlines through which one can realize the illusions that Al-Ala'i fell in. I conclude with the perceptions that both Ibn Al-‘Iraqī and Al-‘Alā’ī have shared. I don’t mention my opinion after each insight for Ibn Al-‘Iraqī; however, my silence is an approval to what he said. When I went against him or it was important to mention any comment or information, I openly said my opinion and explained the reasons for my opposition. Some of the research findings are: Al-Ala'i ignores mentioning the narrator's gap (irsal), although Al-Mizzī mentions it in his book "Tahdhīb", or the scholars mention it before both of them.  He describes the narrator having a gap (irsāl) and attributes it to Al-Mizzī.  He added notes like "he didn't encounter him" and formulated expressions that weren’t mentioned by neither Al Dhahabī nor Al-Mizzī. He references a Ḥadīth to a book that it is not included in.

The Anti Diabetic Effect of Guaiacum Officinale in Streptozotocin Induced Male Albino Rats

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder and most common disease worldwide. In Asia more than 99% population suffered from type-2 diabetes. The occurrence and consequences of diabetes type 2 in children are also increasing with its complications. In the present study, the effect of Guaiacum officinale in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats in male albino rats was observed. For determining the anti-diabetic effect of bark extract of Guaiacum officinale, we developed type 2 diabetic rat model in albino rats by the use of streptozotocin at 30 mg /kg dose by intraperitoneal route. Initially OGTT was performed for the confirmation the development of type 2 diabetic model and the estimation of serum insulin by ELIZA technique. To determine the anti-diabetic activity of Guaiacum officinale, we selected male albino (Wistar) rats, weight 200±20 gms, acclimatized in uniform environment and conditions. Animals were divided in to four groups. Control group, streptozotocin induced diabetic group (positive control) Glibenclamide (Standard) group and Guaiacum officinale (treated) group. Streptozotocin administered at a dose 30 mg/ kg, I/P, single dose. Glibenclamide at 0.5 mg/kg dose by oral route for 28 days and Guaiacum officinale at 500mg/kg dose, orally for 28 days. After treatment of 28 days, we drawn blood samples by cardiac puncture technique for estimation of blood glucose, serum insulin, pancreatic enzymes, liver enzymes, bilirubin, kidney functions and electrolytes. Histo pathological studies were also performed by H&E staining and scanning electron microscopy. Animals were sacrificed by cervical decapitation, dissected and isolate the vital organs (pancreas, kidney and liver) to observe the histological changes in all 2 groups. Blood glucose was determined by glucometer and the data was analyzed by ANOVA SPSS version 20. Expressed in (Mean±SEM). The results of blood glucose level of treated group (G.O) showed highly significant results as compare to control group. The serum insulin level was performed by ELIZA rat kit. 144 animals were selected, results were expressed in (Mean± SEM) showed that the treated group found highly significant results equivalent to control group. The estimation of pancreatic enzymes (Amylase and Lipase) were performed, 144 male albino wistar strain weight 200±20 gms were selected, results were presented in (Mean±SEM) showed that the amylase level of treated (G.O) group was found highly significant and the level of pancreatic lipase of treated group was found highly significant. In the present study, determine the effect of Guaiacum officinale on liver enzymes, selected 144 albino rats, divided in to four groups, treated group treat with extract and standard group treated with Glibenclamide for 28 days. Blood was collected in a vacutainer containing gel tubes, centrifuged at 3000 rpm; serum was separated for estimation of liver enzymes. Data was analyzed by ANOVA SPSS version 20 and expressed in (Mean ± SEM). The results of serum Aspartate transaminase (AST/SGOT) showed that Guaiacum officinale (treated) group was found highly significant results as compare to control. The Gamma glutamyl transferase (γ- GT) level of treated albino rats with G. officinale for 28 days showed insignificant results were expressed in (Mean± SEM). The results of Alanine transaminase (ALT/SGPT) with compare to control, expressed in (Mean ± SEM) showed that the level of ALT/SGPT in treated albino rats was found insignificant. The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of treated group (methanolic extract of Guaiacum officinale) at 500 mg /kg dose for 28 days by oral route. Results were expressed in (Mean±SEM) and compare with control, the treated group was found highly significant. The effect of G. officinale on bilirubin (Direct and indirect) was estimated in male albino Wistar rats, weight 200±20 gms, acclimatized under control conditions, divided in four groups. Treated group treated with (G. officinale) and standard group treated with GLB for 28 days. The results expressed in (Mean ± SEM) showed direct and indirect bilirubin was found insignificant.The effect of Guaiacum officinale was determined at 500 mg / kg dose on total lipids of male albino rats. The animals were treated with bark extract orally for 28 days. The level of cholesterol and triglycerides compare with control group expressed in (Mean ± SEM) was showed that the treated group (G. officinale) group was found to be highly significant. The level of triglycerides of male albino rats by the treatment with bark extract of G. officinale expressed in (Mean±SEM) showed significant results as compare to control.The effect of extract on high density lipoprotein (HDL) of albino rats estimated by ANOVA SPSS , expressed in (Mean± SEM) showed insignificant results with compare to control, while the results of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was showed highly significant and the value of VLDL showed insignificant result with compare to control. The effect of G. officinale at 500mg/kg dose on kidney functions (Urea and Creatinine) in male albino rats. The results were expressed in (Mean ± SEM) by ANOVA. The results of both urea and creatinine were found highly significant with respect to control.In present study, the effect of Guaiacum officinale on electrolytes (Sodium and Potassium) were observed in male albino rats at 500 mg/kg dose orally route for 28 days. Animals (144) were selected, weight 200±20 gms, divided in to four groups. Data expressed in (Mean± SEM) showed serum sodium of G. officinale treated group was found highly significant and serum potassium level was found to be insignificant with compare to control. The histo-pathological effects of Guaiacum officinale on tissues (pancreas, kidney and liver) of male albino rats were observed by H &E staining. The observations through microscopic examination proved that the bark extract of G. officinale showed highly significant with respect to control and supported by biochemical and hematological results. The histological studies of Guaiacum officinale on tissues (pancreas, liver and kidney) of male albino rats by scanning electron microscopy. The observations through electron microscope at different magnification showed that the bark extract of G. officinale protect the vital organs from diabetes and its disasters.