Konsep Ekopark Dan Ekowisata Di Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kawasan Pusat Pemerintahan Pasaman Barat

Kabupaten Pasaman Barat berada di Proponsi Sumatera Barat, ibu kota-nya adalah di Simpang Ampek. Potensi kawasan Simpang Ampek ini merupakan kawasan strategis sebagai pusat pemerintahan, pusat pertumbuhan ekonomi dan sosial budaya masyarakat Pasaman Barat, jika pertumbuhan semua sektor ini tidak berdasarkan Rencana Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan yang sudah di rencanakan maka akan berdampak negatif di segala bidang. Di Kawasan Pemerintahan ini terdapat Peruntukan lahan Sebagai Ruang Terbuka Hijau berada pada zona II di kawasan Pemerintahan Pasaman Barat Padang Tujuh. Perencanaan Ruang Terbuka Hijau untuk publik seharusnya mengacu kepada kelestarian Lingkungan alam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menemukan konsep rancangan ekopark dan ekowisata untuk menunjang kelestarian alam. Metode yang digunakan adalah dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif yang menganalisa studi lapangan maupun literatur, dengan cara mengidentifikasikan masalah-masalah yang ada di lokasi penelitian atau site dan sekitar site sehingga mendapatkan hasil dari pemecahan masalah, untuk menemukan sebuah Konsep Rancangan Ekopark dan Ekowisata pada Peruntukan lahan Ruang Terbuka Hijau.

Bioecology and Population Studies Through Life Table Technique of Eysarcorine Sucking Fauna of Karachi and Adjacent Areas and Their Safe Management Strategies

The importance of fodder crops in agriculture are very valuable and need regular supply of nutritious food for the development of livestock. The maximum number of animals depend upon the fodders and residue crops for their food in Pakistan. Medicago sativa (lucerne) and Ocimum basilicum (basil) belong to the family Leguminacae and Lamiaceae respectively. Both have economic importance in all over the world due to the animal’s food. Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi are the vulnerable sucking pests of Ocimum basilicum and Medicago sativa. Adults and instars of both pests badly damage the host plants specially flowers and soft leaves with their modified mouth parts. Due to the piercing and sucking habit, growth of flowers and seeds are reduced. It is observed that most of the field workers grown Ocimum basilicum around the field of vegetables or main crops in Pakistan. Because, this practice help them to protect their main crops from the attack of Hermolaus modestus, Hermolaus ocimumi and other pests. In the present study, experiments were conducted on Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi from July-2012 to Dec-2012, july-2013 to Dec-2013, july-2014 to Dec-2014 and from August-2012 to December-2012, August-2013 to December-13, and August-14 to December-14 respectively in three different years in accordance to the field data of Southwood (1978). Horizontal life table is the fundamental method for the determination of severe infection. The biotic and abiotic factors were involved during whole life cycle for both pests, but humidity and temperature were found correlated with mortality of both pests in the laboratory. The survivorship curves with some deviations were constructed in this work resembled with the type III and IV of Slobodkin (1962). The vulnerability for Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi was observed in initial 1st and 2nd instars in the life table. The large number of adults of H.modestus was found alive in the month of September-2012, September-2013 and adults of Hermolaus ocimumi was observed alive in September-2013 and October-2013, but this alive quantity was less than Hermolaus modestus. The minimum fertility for Hermolaus modestus was 10 eggs per female in July due to the high humidity and the maximum fertility of 14 eggs per female in September due to the high temperature. The minimum fertility for Hermolaus ocimumi was 8 eggs per female in October due to low humidity and high temperature. The maximum fertility of 14 eggs per female in December for Hermolaus ocimumi due to low temperature. The net reproductive rate was highest as 6904 in September-12 for Hermolaus modestus and as 1947 in September-2013 for Hermolaus ocimumi. The net reproductive rate was found to be lowest as 49 in November-2013 for Hermolaus modestus due to low temperature and was 430 in October-2014 for Hermolaus ocimumi due to low humidity. Mean generation time found between 30 to 32 days in all generations for Hermolaus modestus. Mean generation time for Hermolaus ocimumi was minimum as 21 days in December-2012 and was highest as 33 days in November-2012 and October-2014. The highest value of intrinsic rate of increase for Hermolaus modestus was 0.2919 in Sep- 2014 and for Hermolaus ocimumi was 0.3433 in December-2012. The intrinsic rate of increase for Hermolaus modestus was lowest as 0.1218 in November-2013 and was 0.1837 for Hermolaus ocimumi in October-2014. The population dynamics showed high density during August and September and low density during November for adults of Hermolaus modestus. Population density for adults of Hermolaus ocimumi found in between the range of 85 to 348 in all generations. The synthetic pesticides deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin and the natural pesticide biosal were used in this research and determined the toxic effect after 24 hrs by using the filter paper impregnation method. The Log-probit graph paper was used for the determination of LC50s for deltamethrin, lambda cyhalothrin and biosal. The mean percent mortalities were calculated statistically with 95% confidence limit. One way ANOVA was used for checking of significance level. The LC50 of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin were determined for adult of H. modestus 6.45, 0.00004 and 0.349 ߤg/cm2 and for adult of H. ocimumi 6.2, 0.0106 and 0.225 ߤg/cm2 respectively. The one way ANOVA was rejected the null hypothesis for all mentioned cases. It implies that the different concentration levels of all treated pesticides were not equal. The mean of multiple comparison test were performed to find those pairs that were not equal. The results suggested that the means of all case almost significantly differ to each other. The value of one way ANOVA for biosal against adult of H. modestus and H. ocimumi were found to be F (5, 12) = 53.328 P˂ 0.001 and F (6, 28) = 94.158, P˂ 0.001respectively. The value of one way ANOVA for deltamethrin were found F (5, 12) = 271.425, P˂ 0.001 and F (6, 28) = 35.379, P˂ 0.001 against adult of H. modestus and H. ocimumi respectively. The value of ANOVA for lambda cyhalothrin were estimated as F (5, 12) = 47.723, P˂ 0.001 and F (6, 28) = 182.402, P˂ 0.001 against H. modestus and H. ocimumi respectively. Treatment of all pesticides against Hermolaus modestus showed the sequence of toxicity potential was deltamethrin > lambda cyhalothrin > biosal. Toxicity potential of pesticides against Hermolaus ocimumi also was deltamethrin > lambda cyhalothrin > biosal. In the recent work, the total contents of protein in adults of Hermolaus modestus were found to be 68.94% when treated with biosal, 95.392% after the treatment of deltamethrin and 75.42% when treated with lambda cyhalothrin. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 2.172 E3, P˂ 0.001. Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis. The potency of pesticides to inhibit the total protein contents in adults of Hermolaus modestus was deltamethrin > lambda cyhalothrin > biosal. The values of total protein contents in adults of Hermolaus ocimumi were found to be 43.964%, 75.798% and 84.75% after the treatment of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 55.645, P˂ 0.001. . Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis. The potency of pesticides to inhibit the total protein contents in adults of Hermolaus ocimumi was lambda cyhalothrin> deltamethrin > biosal. The estimation of the GOT inhibition in the adults of Hermolaus modestus was found to be 1.325%, 66.044% and 16.381% after the treatment with biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed the value of F (3, 8) = 7.844 E3, P˂ 0.001. The GOT inhibition in the adults of Hermolaus ocimumi was found to be 21.169%, 52.355% and 28.713% after the treatment of three pesticides biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 2.443 E3, P˂ 0.001. Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis of ANOVA. The estimation of GPT in the adults of Hermolaus modestus was showed inhibition as 10.742%, 26.933% and 52.424% with the treatment of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA mentioned the value of F (3, 7) = 235.809, P˂ 0.001. The GPT estimation was showed decreased in the adults of Hermolaus ocimumi as 22.42%, 31.16% and 47.33% after the treatment of biosal, deltamethrin and lambda cyhalothrin respectively. ANOVA showed that F (3, 8) = 283.600, P˂ 0.001. Multiple comparison test (LSD) was used to find out those pairs that were not equal, due to the rejection of null hypothesis.