الاقتتال بین المسلمین: اسبابہ و حکمہ و مفاسدہ

Right from inception, man faces temptations from Satan and therefore finds an evil -edge (a sinning tendency in mankind) . Islam with its vitalizing energy curbs this evil influence successfully. Hereby a review of the killing/murder of Muslims is given with necessary background. The layout ofthis article is asfollow: 1. The literal and idiomatical definition of Murder in view of the sayings of Religious scholars. 2. Five kinds of murder in light of statements of religious scholars. 3 Religious Order for the murder under the commandments of Quran and Sunnah. 4. Faraai and Zaili orders regarding to murder. 5. Sources and reasons of murder. 6. Losses of murder. IAJ'IJT

Subdivision Schemes and Their Applications in Geometric Modeling

Subdivision is a basic tool to describe smooth curves and surfaces in computer aided geometric design. Since no single subdivision scheme can be adequate for every situation so, there is always a space to present new schemes. The main purpose of this dissertation is to introduce different kinds of subdivision schemes for curve and surface designing based on arity and complexity. Several explicit formulae for generation of mask of subdivision schemes are presented. Many well known existing schemes are special cases of our proposed schemes. Convergence and smoothness of stationary and non-stationary subdivision schemes are evaluated by using Laurent polynomial method and asymptotic equivalence technique respectively. Some of remarkable properties of proposed subdivision schemes like Hölder regularity, support of basic limit function, error bounds, total absolute curvature, artifact, shrinkage effect, limit stencil, convexity preservation, affine invariance and reproduction are discussed. The applications of the schemes developed have also been depicted through different examples.