سیکولرازم اور مسلم معاشرے میں اس کا ارتقاء: تحقیقی مطالعہ

The concept of Secularism came to the Muslim world after Renaissance. Historically, the initial thoughts on the subject are found in the teachings of Greek Philosophers like Epicurus and Zeno. It was at first a discussion regarding the separation of religion and the state, the scientific advancements and the regime system in Modern Europe. Religion was considered as an obstacle by the West in their progress on the basis of reason and inquiry. Adaptation of secular approach helped the western countries to flourish in material fields. In Islamic world, secularism was not seen as a threat for religion before the twentieth century. Under colonization of many Muslim countries and particularly after the demise of Ottoman Empire which paved way to abolish Caliphate, the Muslim states adopted various western secular laws. Moreover, the Muslim countries went under heavy debts taken from European countries. They relied on foreign advisors and western education system for progress. The concept regarding the authority of Caliph changed. During the twentieth century, Muslim countries suffered politically and their geographical frontiers were changed. It created a kind of revolution in Muslim states. Revival of religious authority in modern political Muslim states is visible in central eastern countries during the last fifty years.

Impact of Occupational Stress on Job Burnout With Moderating Role of Psychological Capital and Social Support

The medical field is quite challenging as employees have to work day and night under extreme pressure and long and irregular working hours. This work pressure and exhaustion leads to occupational stress. Occupational stress when unaddressed, leads to burnout which severely affects the physical as well as mental health of females in medical field. The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship of Occupational Stress and Job Burnout on the female medical staff of Public Health Sector by introducing the moderating variables of Psychological Capital and Social Support. The role of positive psychological capabilities and support from supervisors and family in lowering the stress and burnout has also been studied. This study is conducted on female medical staff i.e. Lady Doctors and Nurses working in Public Hospitals of Pakistan. The Sample of the study comprises of 250 female medical employees. Data is collected through Quantitative data collection technique i.e. Questionnaires. Results show that occupational stress causes job burnout and psychological capital moderates the relation between occupational stress and job burnout. The three dimensions of psychological capital namely, self-efficacy, hope and resilience moderate the relation while optimism does not moderate the relation. Results also show that family support acts as a moderator between burnout and stress but supervisory support does not moderate this relationship.