فصل دوم: قوانین حدود وقصاص کی عملی تنفیذ میں نظام قضاء کا کردار
قوانین حدود وقصاص کے اسلامی ضابطوں کی کماحقہ پاسداری کے لیے ضروری ہے کہ ریاست کی عدلیہ، اسلام کے فراہم کر دہ نظام عدل کی بنیا د پر استوار کی گئی ہواور قاضی کے نصب و عزل، مقدمہ کی سماعت ، فیصلے کی شرائط، قانون شہادت ، پولیس کا مدعی اور مدعاعلیہ کے ساتھ تعاون اور دیگر عدالتی کاروائی میں شرعی اصولوں کو پوری طرح ملحوظ رکھا گیا ہو۔ اگر ریا ست کی عدلیہ اسلامی نظام عدل کے بنیا دی تقاضوں کو پورا نہیں کر رہی تو یہ حدودو قصاص کے نفاذ میں ایک بہت بڑی رکاوٹ ہے جس کی موجودگی میں ایک مجرم کو شرعی سزا قطعاً نہیں دی جا سکتی، مثلاً منصف اگر عہدہ قضا پر متمکن ہونے کا اہل نہیں ہے یا اس میں قاضی بننے کی بنیادی اہلیت ہی مفقود ہے یا اس نے صرف ایک ہی فریق کا دعوٰی سنا ہے یا اس نے ہنگامی حالات میں فیصلہ سنایا ہے یا پولیس جھوٹی مثلیں لکھتی ہے یا لکھنے کے بعد تبدیل کردیتی ہے یا اس قسم کے دیگرعوارض میں مبتلاہے، تو نہ اس کے منصب کا لحاظ ہو گا اور نہ ہی اس کے فیصلے کی کوئی وقعت۔ اسلام کے عدالتی نظام کے بارے میں قرآن و حدیث سےجو تعلیمات مقتدر طبقہ کو ملتی ہیں ، وہ رہتی دنیا تک کے لیے مشعلِ راہ ہیں۔ اس سلسلے میں بنیادی تعلیم یہ ہے کہ فیصلے ایسے عدل سے کیے جائیں جو حسین اور خوبصورت ہو، جیسا کہ ارشاد ربانی ہے
﴿إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ۔ ﴾ 361
"اللہ تعالیٰ عدل اور احسان کا حکم دیتے ہیں ۔ "
لفظ احسان کا مادہ حسن سے ہے جس کے معنی خوبصورتی کے ہیں ، اسلامی ریاست کی یہ ذمہ داری ہے کہ...
This study addresses the issue of interpersonal communication patterns in establishing a harmonious family. Communication is emphasized in the holy Qur'an as a crucial aspect of human life, particularly for Muslims. Poor communication is one of the factors that can lead to marital disharmony or discomfort within the family. Therefore, effective communication is essential for a healthy family life. To achieve a harmonious and content family, it is essential to understand the patterns of interpersonal communication within the family. This will lead to a peaceful and comfortable environment for all members. The authors aim to discuss effective communication techniques, both in general and within a religious context, to establish a happy family. The research focuses on examining theories related to positive communication patterns within the family. The methodology employed for this research is library research. A balanced communication pattern is essential for forming a harmonious family. Additionally, precise subject-specific vocabulary should be used when it conveys the meaning more precisely than a similar non-technical term. This involves open communication where each member has an equal opportunity to express their opinions about family life. It is important to avoid any biased or emotional language and to use clear, objective, and value-neutral language. The text is grammatically correct and follows conventional academic structure and formatting. No changes in content have been made.
Petroleum hydrocarbons are recalcitrant compounds and their adverse environmental and public health effects demand that efficient and eco-friendly remediation technologies be devised as countermeasures. The synergistic use of plants and bacteria is considered as one of the efficient technologies for the restoration of crude oil-contaminated soil. The studies performed in this thesis were aimed to (ⅰ) isolate and characterize bacteria associated with the plants growing well in crude oil-contaminated soil, (ⅱ) study the effect of augmentation of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria on plant growth and crude oil degradation in vitro and in vivo. A large number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria were isolated from the rhizospheric soil, root and shoot interior of grasses (Lolium perenne, Leptochloa fusca, Brachiaria mutica) and trees (Leucaena leucocephala and Acacia ampliceps) vegetated in crude oil-contaminated soil. The rhizospheric soil yielded 22 (59.45%), root interior yielded 9 (24.32%) and shoot interior yielded 6 (16.21%) hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. These bacteria possessed genes encoding alkane hydroxylase and showed multiple plant growth-promoting activities. Bacillus (48.64%) and Acinetobacter (18.91%) were dominant genera found in this study. Green house studies revealed that augmentation with crude oil-degrading bacteria enhanced plant growth and crude oil degradation. Colonization and metabolic activity of the endophytes were higher in the rhizosphere and endosphere of B. mutica than L. fusca. The plant species affected not only colonization pattern and biofilm formation of the inoculated bacteria in the rhizosphere and endosphere of the host plant, but also affected the expression of alkane hydroxylase gene, alkB. The beneficial plant-bacteria partnership was applied in the vicinity of an oil exploration and production company for the remediation of crude oil-contaminated soil. Bacterial augmentation improved plant growth, enhanced crude oil degradation, and reduced soil toxicity and these were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those where plants or bacteria were used individually. A positive relationship (r = 0.70) observed between alkB gene expression and crude oil reduction indicates that expression of catabolic gene (alkB) is important for hydrocarbon mineralization. On the basis of in vitro and in vivo studies, it is concluded that for practical application, support of potential bacteria combined with the grasses is more effective approach than the use of plants and bacteria individually. This technology can be applied for effective remediation of crude oil-polluted sites.