ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد
سابق صدر جمہوریہ ہند ڈاکٹر راجندر پرشاد کی موت ہندوستان کا ایک بڑا قومی حادثہ ہے، وہ اپنے قومی و ملکی خدمات کے لحاظ سے صف اول کے لیڈروں میں تھے، ہندوستان کی جنگ آزادی میں ان کے بڑے کارنامے ہیں، چمپارن کی مشہور ستیہ گرہ کے گویا ہیرو تھے، وہ گاندھی جی کے خاص تربیت یافتہ اور ان کے معتمد علیہ تھے، ان میں ان کی بہت سی اخلاقی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، جو آخر تک قائم رہیں، ہندوستان کی آزادی کے بعد کانگریس کے بہت سے لیڈروں کے خیالات اور کردار میں تبدیلی ہوگئی ہے، ان سے ان کا دامن محفوظ تھا، وہ کانگریس کے پرانے اصولوں پر برابر قائم رہے، اور اپنے جلیل القدر عہدے کی ذمہ داریوں کو بھی بڑی خوبی کے ساتھ نباہا، طبعاً بڑے شریف اور مرنجان مرنج تھے اور قومی و ملکی معاملات میں ان کا دل بہت وسیع تھا، اس لیے کسی طبقہ کو بھی ان سے کوئی شکایت نہیں پیدا ہوئی، وہ پرانے کایستھ تھے اس لیے اردو اور فارسی تہذیب سے بہت اچھی واقفیت رکھتے تھے، اور بہت شستہ اردو بولتے اور لکھتے تھے، اور ان میں قدیم مشترک تہذیب کی بہت سی خوبیاں موجود تھیں، اس لیے ان کی موت مختلف حیثیتوں سے بڑا قومی سانحہ ہے۔ اور ان کا نام ہندوستان کی تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، مارچ ۱۹۶۳ء)
Fashionable dressing is a very sensitive issue for females, it creates sometimes confusion that what are the limits and orders of “Shariah” for it. So I try to inform all females a proper dress code in the light of Islamic “Shariah”. Islam is not against the fashion but it says that it should be only for “Mahrams” and it should not be out of limits. So the article deals to clarify needs and importance of dress, dress codes in Islam as well as the usage of different type of dressings like thin, fitted, expensive and costly, male dresses, uneven (not according to Islam) etc. It will clarify the confusion which makes us confused in fashionable dressing and how much it is allowed to keep them in use. Islam has provided guidance in dressing like in any other fields of life as well as fashion is allowed by Allah as blessing but according to the rules and regulation of Islamic “Shariah” and do not try to go against it. That is why we have to be aware and careful while fashioning.
Communication system has a key position in smart grid (SG). Smooth operation among different functional blocks of smart grid, i.e. generation, transmission, distribution, utility, and consumers require reliable and efficient exchange of information. Hybrid architecture in smart grid, in the form of Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) consists of gateways/access points and smart meters. AMI network facilitates consumers to take benefits of real-time pricing, demand side management, load scheduling and upgrading the software updates through access points to multiple smart meters without visiting every place. Information sharing can take place in the shape of readings from meters to AMI, from meters to utility and from AMI to utility. This information exchange is either scheduled, on-demand or in the form of mass transfer. Information exchange in the form of time of use (TOU) and real-time pricing also occurs from utility to meters. Broadcasting is one possible solution in these scenarios for information exchange. Data broadcasting in AMI networks can be achieved using many wired and wireless communication technologies including Zigbee, Wireless LAN, Powerline Communication (PLC), WiMAX 802.16, Cellular, and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL). But these technologies either have limited range or can be used for licensed users only. For these reasons, Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) are one possible solution that provides large data transmission utilizing available spectrum resources from licensed and unlicensed bands. Broadcasting is challenging in CRNs due to Licensed/Primary User (PU) activity, availability of multiple channels, and channel diversity. Therefore, PU protection must be provided at all cost and data transmission should be quick and reliable for a smooth operation. In this thesis, two novel reliable schemes are proposed, i.e., PRobability-based Broadcasting scheme for CR-based Smart Grid (PRB-CRSG) and Area-based Broadcasting scheme for CR-based Smart Grid (ARB-CRSG) specifically designed for AMI networks. These schemes provide reliable data to smart meters with sufficient PU protection. Both these schemes have been compared with two flooding techniques, i.e., "Key Policy Attribute Based Encryption" (KP-ABE) and "Key Management Scheme" (KMS). Simulation in NS-2 validates these schemes as a viable solution in cognitive radio-based smart grid systems.