پروفیسر محمد حبیب
افسوس ہے گذشتہ ماہ جون کی ۲۲تاریخ کوپروفیسر محمد حبیب نے۷۳برس کی عمر میں علی گڑھ میں وفات پائی اوروہیں دفن ہوئے۔موصوف ہماری نسل کے اُن معدودے چند اکابرعلم وادب میں سے تھے جن کے زورقلم،وسعت مطالعہ اور مجتہدانہ فکرونظر نے یورپ اورامریکہ کے علماء اورفضلاء کوبھی متاثر کیا تھا۔وہ جتنے بڑے اسکالر تھے بحیثیت انسان کے بھی اتنے ہی عظیم شخصیت کے مالک تھے۔ طلباء کی تعلیمی،علمی،مالی غرض کہ ہرقسم کی اورہروقت خدمت ان کا دین وایمان تھا۔طبیعت بالکل درویشانہ پائی تھی۔نام ونمود اوردکھاوے کانام ونشان نہ تھا۔ نہایت خلیق،ملنسار،متواضع انسان تھے۔ان کے بعض افکاروآراء سے کسی کو کتنا ہی اختلاف ہواورہمیں بھی تھا لیکن ان کی شرافت، انسانیت دوستی اورجذبۂ خدمت خلق ہرشک وشبہ سے بلندتھا۔اﷲ تعالیٰ اپنے فضل عمیم سے ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ آمین۔
[اگست۱۹۷۱ء]
Nowadays the entire world, particularly the Islamic countries, are suffering from a state of anxiety and insecurity due to terrorism. The terrorists are destroying peace of the world for the sake of their personal interests. They affiliate their terrorist activities with Islām, while Islām condemns not only terrorism, but also the violation of the country law. Islām is the religion of peace. Allāh, peace of title the with (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet His sent Almighty and granted him the name of religion as Islām. The Holy Prophet in harmony and peace of facade the build to life his all spent (صلى الله عليه وسلم) the society. His companions also exhibited human loving nature and. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy the by them to provided roadmap the followed Ḥaḍrat Uthmān is one of those, who sacrificed themselves for the noble cause of peace. In this article, the remarkable efforts of Ḥaḍrat Uthmān for the maintainance of peace are highlighted. He was commited to peace even before Islām, and after accepting it, he played a vital role for the promotion and maintaince of peace. He the at (صلى الله عليه وسلم) prophet the of ambassador the as appointed was occasion of the Ḥudaybiyah Pact. Uthmān ruled a vast empire. Peace was a hallmark of his era. The evil plots against him surfaced only in the later years of his caliphate. These included objections regarding appointment and administration of the governers. He took every step to stop the disruption of peace, so much so, he did not allow the Muslims to fight for his defence, hence, sacrificed his life.
Hydrocarbons naturally form in fossil fuels. Automobile exhaust, industrial emission and refused incineration are the major anthropogenic sources. Hydrocarbons enter the marine environment via atmospheric deposition, urban runoff, dumping of untreated industrial waste, petroleum losses from vessels during transportation and accidental oil spills in the sea. On entering the marine environment hydrocarbons distribute in seawater, sediments and biota. Karachi is known as industrial hub of Pakistan, being an industrial city, it produce a great amount of pollutants which ultimately transported to the coastal areas by various means. Therefore, present study was designed to determine the extent, concentration and possible risk level of hydrocarbons to marine fauna as well as on human. Seawater, sediments and marine fauna samples were collected from different sampling stations of Karachi coastal areas include Defense Housing Authorities, Clifton, Oyster Island, entrance of Karachi Harbour, Manora and Sand Spit during 2003-2006. Gas Chromatograph equipped with Flame ionization detector and capillary column was used to analyze the hydrocarbons. Seawater samples were found containing PAHs (Σ16PAHs) 1.280 μg L-1 and 0.366 μg L-1 in 2003 and 2006, respectively. Concentration of Carcinogenic PAHs (Σ7PAHs) was found 2.402 μg L-1 and 0.008 μg L-1 in 2003 and 2006 respectively. Benzo (a) pyrene, the most carcinogenic PAH, was found at 0.641 μg L-1 in 2003 but not detected in 2006. Sediment samples collected from study areas in 2003 contain average PAHs (Σ16PAHs) concentrations of 11641 μg kg-1 while in 2006 it was 37.57μg kg-1. As per sediments Quality Guidelines, Threshold Effect Level/Probable Effect Level and Effect Range Low /Effect Range Median include with mean- Probable Effect Level-quotient and m- Effect Range Median-quotient maximum probability of adverse biological effects was found 85% in 2003 which was gradually reduced to 9% in 2006. In seven fish specie, Apogon cocciveus was found lowest and Escualosa Thoracatta was found highest contaminated specie with 1.51μg/g and 732μg/g of total PAHs, respectively. Among four shellfish specie, Portunus Sanguinolentis was found lowest and Acanthopagrus Latus was found highest contaminated with 9.70 μg/g and 561.2 μg/g of PAHs, respectively. Contrary to PAH, variable levels of aliphatic hydrocarbons were found which could not lead to some meaningful risk effects. Oil spill is found to be the basic root cause for abrupt change of hydrocarbons level and destruction of marine ecosystem in coastal areas of Karachi. Although pyrogenic sources sufficiently contributed with it, however, hydrocarbons contamination level in study areas reduced with the passage of time.