قراءات متواترہ وشاذہ سے تفسیر قرآن

Among different ways of exegeting based on narrative method (Tafseer bil-Ma’thoor), the most reliable form is to interpret the Quran by Quran itself. There are numerous ways in which Quran elaborates its meaning one of which is the use of Qira’aat (i.e. Dialectical method). The use of different variations of reciting Quranic words elaborates its meaning. An important point to note here is that the difference in Qira’aat corroborates the diversity in the meaning and their comprehensiveness not their inconformity. Qira’aat are categorized by the scholars in two categories: There are those that are narrated and transmitted by multiplicity (Tawaatur) while others do not fulfill such criteria and are therefore denoted by the term (Shaazzah). This papers seeks to substantiate the method of interpreting the Quran by both forms of Qiraa’aat and concludes that both of these were actually revealed by Allah and are both reliable in terms of exegeting the Quranic text

Diffraction of Electromagnetic Plane Waves from Strips and Slits Using the Method of Kobayashi Potential

Kobayashi potential method has successfully been applied to potential as well as scattering geometries containing perfect electrically conducting (PEC) objects by many investigators. The purpose of present study is to extend Kobayashi potential method to study the scattering from non-PEC objects hence, to enhance the applicability of the method. First, geometries containing strip are considered and diffracted fields have been determined from an impedance strip, from a strip placed at dielectric slab and from a perfectly electromagnetic conducting (PEMC) strip. Then slit geometries are included. And studies are conducted to analyze the diffraction from an impedance slit placed at the interface of two different media, from two parallel slits in an impedance plane and from a slit in PEMC plane. While applying this method to above type of problems, diffracted fields are considered in terms of unknown weighting functions. Imposition of boundary conditions give dual integral equations. These dual integral equations are then used to decide the nature of weighting functions by using the discontinuous properties of Weber-Schafheitlin’s integral. Edge conditions are also taken into account at this moment. Finally, matrix equations are obtained to evaluate the expansion coefficients. The elements of these matrix equations are the infinite integrals and are usually, very complex in nature and hard to solve analytically. So these integrals and the matrix equations are then solved numerically for unknown expansion coefficients. Diffracted fields are presented for each geometry. Their dependence on different parameters like angle of incidence, slit/ strip size, impedance of plane, relative permittivity of the surrounding media has been discussed and analyzed. Comparison with physical optics is also presented in some problems to validate the presented results.