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Career Aspirations of Young Women to Join Police Service

Thesis Info

Author

Durrani Muhammad Ali

Department

Department of Anthropology, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2012

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

93

Subject

Anthropology

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M. Phil. ANT/1326

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676715825772

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غالب کے خطوط

تعارف پس منظر:
غالب کے آباؤ اجداد ترکی سے تعلق رکھتے تھے اور ان کا شمار ایبک قوم سے تھا۔غالب کے دادا قوقان بیگ ہندوستان ہجرت کر کے آئے۔یہ دور مغلیہ سلطنت کے زوال کا دور تھا۔
پیدائش:
۷۲ دسمبر ۷۹۷ ۱ء کو آگرہ میں پیدا ہوئے ان کا پورا نام بمع خطا بات مرزا اسد اللہ خان غالب (تخلص /خطاب) نجم الدولہ دبیر الملک نظام جنگ بہادرعرف مرزا نوشہ تھا۔والد کے انتقال کے بعد چچا نصراللہ بیگ نے پرورش کی آٹھ سال کی عمر میں چچا بھی وفات پا گئے۔ ان کی وفات کے بعد ننھیال رہنے لگے۔
ازدواجی زندگی:
۳۱ برس کی عمر میں نواب احمد بخش خان کے چھوٹے بھائی نواب الہی بخش خان معروف کی ۱۱سالہ لڑکی امراؤ بیگم سے شادی ہوئی۔ اللہ نے سات بچوں سے نوازا لیکن وہ سبھی بچپن میں وفات پا گئے اور بیگم کا بھی انتقال ہو گیا۔غالب ۱۵ فروری ۱۹۶۹ ء میں ۷۲ برس کی عمر میں ظہر کے وقت انتقال کر گئے۔
ابتدائی حالات:
غالب جس دور سے تعلق رکھتے ہیں وہ مسلمانوں کے زوال کا دور ہے اس وقت حکومت کا مرکز دلی تھا۔اس دور میں بادشاہوں کی حیثیت بہت معمولی ہو گئی تھی مغل بادشاہ شطرنج کا مہر بن گئے اور آہستہ آہستہ سکھو ں،جاٹوں اور روہیلوں نے زور پکڑنا شروع کیا اور اس حکومت کو گرانے میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ ۱۷۳۹ء میں نادر شاہ نے دلی پر حملہ کیا۔۱۷۴۸ء سے لے کر ۱۷۶۱ء تک احمد شاہ ابدالی نے بہت سے حملے کیے اور مغلوں کی رہی سہی طاقت بھی ختم کر دی۔ احمد شاہ ابدالی نے ان حملوں میں مرہٹوں کی کمر توڑ کر رکھ دی۔اس سیاسی تاریخی پس منظر میں غالب نے ہوش سنبھالا غالب کا تعلق رئیس لوگوں کے ساتھ تھا ان کی پہنچ بادشاہوں کے دربار تک تھی۔
تہذیبی...

Worldly Portent of Face Uncovering and Women’s Dilapidation: A Comparative Study in Context With Quranic Injunctions

Assyrian Text is witnessed that women used veil for face covering with an additional piece of cloth about 13 centuries before the Christ. Then history of mankind displays veil in Egyptian society that was transparent and normally white in color. We found a handful evidences in Greek literature regarding veiling of face. History travels to Anglo-Saxon age and witnessed that women used veil to cover their hair of head. The head covering shows a biological reasoning also. Roman culture was the culture of fantasy, the veils were full of colorful, and multi designed veil arranged by flowers and different beautiful substantial. In Roman, veil developed from only head covering to shoulder covering and then from head to back covering. British regime also enrich the history of veil. There was beautiful designed, decorated with net clothes and covered with beautiful embroidery. The veil was empowered by elite community in England. Later it was popularized as a fashion in colonial communities. Through this thorough historic discussion, it is approved that veil used by women has a long history as the human history. In religious context, Hinduism is understood as the oldest religion on globe, it is found that in Harappan times about 2500 BC, Aryan women used to wear full body covering single cloth from head covering to foot, which was preached in Hindu religious book Vedas also, later the single cloth was known as Sari. And after the introduction of Christianity, Veil was introduced as a compulsory symbol of religion. Veil of whole body with strict rules can be seen in the form of Christian nun. Later, Islam explained veil of women in public as an obligatory sign. Islam is the youngest religion on earth, it was published rapidly and the implication of its rules are practiced prominently. After a thorough historic and religious discussion, it if proved in this article that veil was a compulsory part of human society and religions before Islam had also preached for veiling.  

Synthesis of Nanomaterials by Microorganisms, Their Characterization and Applications

Nanotechnology has endorsed enormous development in material science to formulate innovative products by manipulating matter at nano-scale (1-100 nm). Due to certain limitations associated with conventional physico-chemical synthesis protocols, novel techniques are still being pursued for fabrication of nanoparticles. In them biological synthesis of nanoparticles using different microorganisms has been considered comparatively novel, eco-friendly safe and cost-effective. However, this technique is still immature in terms of fabricating nanoparticles with high quality [size and shape (monodispersity)] and quantity in limited time scale in order to cater real benefits. So, the current research work has investigated the ability of different fungi in synthesizing nanoparticles (NPs) of different metals under varying conditions. Besides, it evaluated the nature and scope of nanoparticles in different applications. The first phase of the study assessed NPs synthesis ability of different fungi for different metals under varying operational conditions. Primarily, NPs synthesis ability of a metal tolerant fungus species Fusarium oxysporum was screened out by reacting its biomass (10 g/50 ml) (Age = 6 days) with salts of different metals on shaker (150 rpm) incubator (28 °C). The results indicated synthesis of only silver (Ag), gold (Au) and platinum (Pt) NPs as evident from change in coloration patterns correspond to transformation in surface plasmon resonance of the colloidal suspensions at their respective wavelengths of 420, 530 and 230 nm under UV-Vis spectroscopy. Based upon these preliminary observations, metal tolerant fungal species including Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus terreus were separately investigated for AgNPs synthesis in two separate strategies using; fungal biomass and their culture filtrates. The UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis exhibited AgNPs peak around 400-420 nm in all cases. Overall, NPs synthesis increased with time from 2-96 hr. Its rate was comparatively higher with A. fumigatus during 2-4 hr. While, in case of A. niger and A. flavus, it was more noticeable at 24 hr. The culture filtrate from A. flavus proved to be most efficient in term of producing AgNPs with less polydispersity (5-30 nm). XRD crystallography and Debye-Scherrer formulae demonstrated that AgNPs produced by fungi were crystalline in nature and in acceptable nanometer range in both the strategies. TEM further confirmed the size range of AgNPs varying from 3-80 nm and mostly they were spherical in shape. Comparatively, synthesis of NPs by using fungal cultural filtrate was more effective as it avoided any reaction artifact related to directly exposing the biomass with metal salts, besides; NPs were easily purified in this procedure. Furthermore, production of culture filtrate of A. niger under varying pH revealed pH 5.8 as most suitable for fabrication of high quality AgNPs with less polydispersity (7-27 nm) and at other optimum reaction conditions i.e., temperature 30 oC, precursor salt conc. 0.1M, in 96 hr incubation. Moreover, agitated (150 rpm) reaction condition proved to be more effective for the fabrication of NPs than static condition. In similar reaction conditions, the sizes of Au and Pt NPs varied from 10- 35 and 10-20 respectively. Zetasizer nano ZS (Malvern) further revealed maximum colloidal stability and mobility in Au, followed by Pt and least in case of Ag NPs. In terms of applications, biologically (B) synthesized AgNPs were evaluated as an antibacterial, antifungal agent. Individual and combined antibacterial activities of the five traditional antibiotics and B AgNPs were checked against eight different multi drug resistant bacterial pathogens utilizing Kirby-Bauer disc-diffusion technique. The decreasing order of antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition in mm) of antibiotics, AgNPs and their conjugates against bacterial isolates (group, average) found to be; ciprofloxacin + AgNPs (23) > imipenem + AgNPs (21) > gentamycin + AgNPs (18.5) > vancomycin + AgNPs (15.5) > AgNPs (14.75) > imipenem (13.66) > trimethoprim + AgNPs (13.5) > ciprofloxacin (12.5) > gentamycin (11) > vancomycin (4) > trimethoprim (0). Generally, synergistic outcome of nanoparticles and antibiotics ensued a 0.2-7 (average = 2.8) fold upsurge in antibacterial action. Similarly, AgNPs showed antifungal activities and were slightly higher with B AgNPs (13-15) than C AgNPs (8-12) against four different fungi. AgNPs showed varying anti-oxidant, cytotoxic and phytotoxic activities. Antioxidant activities in terms of free radical (DPPH) scavenging (%) rates per 30 min were; 19.8 and 17.9 at 1000 ppm and were significantly reduced to 5.79 and 5.3 at 100 ppm with biologically (B) synthesized and commercial (C) AgNPs respectively. Brine shrimp assay revealed AgNPs cytotoxicity which increased with increase in conc. of NPs (10- 1000 ppm) and time (0-72 hr). Comparatively, the mortality rate of nauplii (larvae) (n =10) was slightly higher with C AgNPs (90 %) than B AgNPs (80 %) after 72 hr. In phytotoxicity assays, AgNPs at varying conc. i.e., 10, 100 & 1000 ppm showed 35-55 % inhibition in radish seed germination. It was relatively higher at 100 ppm AgNPs after 5 days and the results were non-significantly differed in B AgNPs and C AgNPs. Nevertheless, increase in conc. of AgNPs helped stimulating roots and shoots lengths. In tissue engineering perspective and for stimulation of stem cells growth, NIH3T3 fibroblast cells were incorporated in methacrylated gelatin hydrogels containing AuNPs. Water retension, mechanical, degradation and microscopic analysis of this Au-GelMA hydrogels were measured and proved to be bio-compatible. Au-GelMA nanocomposite material hydrogels provided better environment and significantly triggered cellular viability and growth compared to simple GelMA hydrogels without AuNPs (control). Both B AgNPs and C AgNPs played role in the transformation of recalcitrant aromatic compounds i.e. azo dyes (100 ppm concentration) Acid red 151 and Orange II when treated separately and in combination with fungus (A. niger) under shaking conditions (150 rpm) at 30 oC. UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR determined 75-95 % reduction or transformation of dyes in 96 to 120 hr reaction time. It was maximum with A. niger + B AgNPs, followed by B AgNPs & C AgNPs and least in case of A. niger. Finally, the anti-biofouling ability of the AgNPs was determined in ultra- filtration polysulfone (Psf) membranes by incubating them with sludge for 45 days. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited considerably less biofilm development on AgNPs incorporated Psf membrane than normal Psf membrane used as control. Moreover, these results were supported by less bacterial growth (36: 288 CFU) and corresponding variations in FTIR spectra of the biofilm covered Psf membranes.