فکر اقبال کے تناظر میں تہذیبی تصادم

A thorough critical analysis of human history highlights that the clash of civilizations centered on themes of conflict, war, and struggle. Historical experts use the word encounter to interpret or explain these relations among civilizations. Trade played a vital role in flourishing these ties, however, conflict and encounter have also been a part of almost all the phases or eras of human history. Developing nations have always looked up to the western world as a role model of economic and military progression, but this philosophy has also resulted in the escalation of tensions among these nations. World peace faces daunting challenges and is one of the most talked-about human concerns in the present times. Islam is currently being challenged by the western world in terms of the right interpretation of religious teachings and the true message of the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Islam is still struggling to make its mark in the present world order, particularly after the 9/11 incident which painted Muslims as terrorists and fundamentalists. It is quite evident that the world is divided into factions or groups, where one group is the torchbearer of Islam and religious teachings, while the second group endorses western ideals or secularism. According to Samuel Huntington, it won’t be wrong to say that the next ideological challenge that the world faces after the ultimate demise of the Soviet Union is Islam and the prospective clash between the East and the West in the 21st century will be the most discussed topic. The present-day relationship between the East and the West is based upon rivalry. This conflict is not a new area of research and is centuries old. The only solution to this problem is to promote global peace and harmony and facilitate dialogue among nations. This would help in creating a social system that can center on values, harmony, peace, and love. Also, Iqbal’s philosophy can act as a guiding stone and can help in resolving this crisis. Iqbal’s universal social reconstruction theory highlights how different civilizations can live together and can facilitate constructive dialogue to improve civilizational ties. This article aims to incorporate the teachings of Iqbal, especially the universal social reconstruction theory to propose solutions for inter-civilizational clashes. This article aims to use the teachings of Iqbal as a beacon of light to promote constructive dialogue and peaceful coexistence among the two dominant sides of the world, resultantly leading in much prosperous and peaceful world order. 

Separation of Powers and its Impacts on Peoples Empowerment a Case Study of Pakistan 2007-2013

Since 2007, the judiciary in Pakistan has gone from the traditional state of passive institution for enhancing the interests of the executive to an independent institution. It has started asserting its power and role as a genuine enforcer of the law for the interests of the general public. Its role as an arbitrator in the various disputes over sharing of powers between the branches of the government is considered applaudable by many sections of the society. Similarly, Parliament introduced significant reforms to set the tradition of consolidating the democracy and good governance in the country. Positively, the devolution of authority to the provincial governments, reduction in the discretionary power of the president, restoring the parliamentary character and enhancing the oversight on judicial appointments have bolster the power of the legislature in the country. The purpose of this study is to trace how these changes took place and their impact on the citizens of Pakistan. I have examined the consequences of more vibrant and active judiciary on the principle ‘separation of powers in the perspective of people empowerment’ analyzing the case of Pakistan. The ways and manners in which the separation of powers has taken place are tried to comprehensively analyze. The thesis draws mostly upon the declassified official data since 1947 to onwards. It tries to describe the dominant role of the executive over the other branches of the government. Efforts have been made to highlight the reasons behind the lack of construction relationships among the three institutions. So the main concern of this study is whether or not separation of powers is a way to empower the people in the political system of Pakistan. For this, the arguments presented in the study are: first, the lack of liberty and empowerment is not due to the absence of separation of powers in the political system of Pakistan, but it is because of overall centralized settings. Second, the separation of powers is not the ultimate solution for the lack of empowerment of the people. This finding is based on these observations: (1) the principle, separation of powers has been missing in Pakistan for the long time. (2) v Prolonged and repeatedly undemocratic rules (authoritarian regimes) in Pakistan have made the parliament and courts more submissive than an independent institutions (3) Democracy has just completed its five year term. Conversely, the dissertation explores the underlying relationship of empowerment with the democracy. Third, the people of Pakistan demonstrated more support for democracy. Their participation in elections indicates the trust of people in democratization. The increasing trend of political pluralism has enabled the legislature to exercise effective checks and balances on the executive branch of the government. We cannot say that separation of powers as a principle to empower the people is irrelevant. In addition to this, the study argues that Pakistan needs more stable and viable democratic system.