نواب جعفر علی خاں اثرؔ لکھنوی
افسوس ہے کہ ۶ جون کو نواب جعفر علی خاں اثر لکھنوی نے انتقال کیا، وہ اس دور کے استاد فن شاعر اور اردو زبان و ادب کے نامور محقق تھے، اس کے جملہ متعلقات پر ان کی نظر بڑی گہری اور محققانہ تھی، اور اس میں ان کا قول سند کی حیثیت رکھتا تھا، ان کی ذات لکھنؤ کی تہذیب و شائستگی اور قدیم شرافت و وضعداری کا نمونہ تھی، ان کی زندگی کا بڑا حصہ سرکاری ملازمت میں گذرا، کلکٹری کے عہدے سے ریٹائر ہوئے لیکن تصنیف و تالیف و تلاش و تحقیق کا مشغلہ ہمیشہ جاری رہا اور انھوں نے اردو زبان و ادب کے مختلف پہلوؤں پر محققانہ مضامین اور مستقل کتابیں لکھیں، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ فرہنگ اثر ہے جس کی پہلی جلد شائع ہوچکی ہے، ان کی وفات سے اردو زبان کا ایک بڑا محقق اٹھ گیا، اور قدیم تہذیب کی ایک اہم یادگار مٹ گئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، جون ۱۹۶۷ء)
Prayer [al-Ṣalāh] is the second most important pillar of Islām. This is the ritual which is supposed to be offered by all the Muslims, who come of age and are sane, regardless of their status and wealth. Following the acceptance of Islām, offering Prayer is the foremost obligation of a Muslim, which is considered the prime manifestation and the testimony of his or her practical submission to Allāh and His religion, Islām. Faith in Allāh is the foundation of Islām, in the same way, Prayer is the practical foundation of Islām. Therefore, the Prophet (S. A. W) laid stress on the significance of Prayer, the most. Only those, who are steadfast in their Prayers and safeguard them are really aware of its importance, and only they can expect from Allāh to give them their reward, thus, they are the true believers. The importance and reality of Prayer can be understood only by that person who is well aware of this relation between man and Allāh and only he can feel its true spiritual pleasure. The effects of Prayer are prominently visible in the daily life of Muslims. The history of Prayer is as old as the religion itself. Its concept has been a part of all the religions, however, they have different ways to perform it. In this paper, the author explores the Islamic academic sources to ascertain the importance and the status of Prayer in Islām. Also, he explores its history, the tidings and remuneration of Prayer and of the rites and rituals belonging to it, e. G., Mosque, Āzān, Iqāmat, Rukū‘ (to bow down), Prostration, Maintenance of Ranks, etc.
In the education system the teachers play a very important role. Therefore, a teacher needs to have her own philosophy of education on which she makes educational decisions for her students. Her philosophy of education needs not to be the once presented by different educationist and philosophers, it could be a mixture of the ones already available or something new and significant that she found effective in teaching her students. The females are more suitable for teaching profession and majority of women join it as career in our country because they can understand the psychological needs of the students easily. The teacher has to understand the little things that affected the ability to learn the temperature in the classroom, the time of the day. She has an understanding of human nature and the maturity at secondary level. Especially while teaching and showing impact of different factors on teaching competencies. The research topic is “Factors impacting female teachers’ competencies of secondary public schools of Karachi”. This study aimed to find out the impact of different factors i.e. socio economical, emotional, political, educational, environmental and administrative problems related to female secondary school teachers on their teachingii competency. It was predicted that the problem would have adverse impact on teaching performance of government secondary school teachers. The aims and objectives of this study were: (1) To find out the problems of female school teacher. (2) To identify the socio cultural problems. (3) To find out the environment problems of female school teachers. (4) To measure the teaching competency of teachers by relationship between teachers and students. (5) To find out the personal school problems of female teachers. This research study was quantitative cum qualitative in nature and discussed the teaching competencies of female teachers at secondary level. The population of this study was all the government girls’ secondary schools of Karachi city. The total sample of the study was comprised of 50 secondary female schools. Ten (10) towns and their 300 teachers were selected for study. The tools used for this study were questionnaire and interviews of Principals, District Education Officers and one Scholar. The study was survey based and descriptive research. The data were systematically tabulated and statistically analyzed by using simple mean, standard deviation and percentage graphic bar to show the exact result of the data. Recommendations were drawn in the light of results and conclusion.