حکام بالا ،بااختیارمقتدر عہدیداران اور ملازمین و اہلکاروں کے بغیر نظام حکومت نہیں چل سکتا ۔ حکام میں صدر ، وزیراعظم ، گورنرز، وزرا ءسےمشیروں تک، قضاۃ سے لے کر فیصلہ لکھنے والوں تک اور مفتیان کرام تک سب شامل ہیں ۔ ان سب مناصب پر اہل ، ایماندار اور قابل لوگوں کا تقرر لازمی امر ہے ۔ ان حکام کے انتخاب کے لیے شریعت مطہرہ نے اصول و ضوابط مقرر فرمائے ہیں جو کہ مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
2.1ریاستی عہدوں پر اہل افراد کا تقرر
سیاست کا ایک بنیادی اصول یہ ہے کہ ریاست میں انتظامی امورکی انجام دہی کے لیے تمام عہدوں اور مناصب پر اہل، باصلاحیت اور ایماندار افراد کا تقرر کیا جاناچاہئے ۔ حکومت کے اختیارات اور اموال اللہ اور اس کے رسول ﷺ کی امانت ہیں جنہیں خداترس، ایماندار اور عادل لوگوں کے سپردکیا جانا چاہئے اور اس امانت میں کسی شخص کواپنی مرضی کے مطابق ، یا نفسانی اغراض کے لئے استعمال کرنے کاحق نہیں ہے ۔ جب کسی منصب پرکسی نااہل شخص کا تقرر ہوتا ہے تومعاشرہ میں بدامنی، ظلم وزیادتی اور بے چینی کا آنا لازمی امر ہے، جیسا کہ حضرت ابو ہریرہؓ سے روایت ہے
"فَإِذَا ضُیِّعَتِ الأَمَانَۃُ فَانْتَظِرِ السَّاعَۃَ، قَال کَیْفَ إِضَاعَتُہَا؟قَال إِذَا وُسِّدَ الأَمْرُ إِلَی غَیْرِ أَھلِہِ فَانْتَظِرِ السَّاعَۃَ ۔" 345
’’ جب امانت ضائع کردی جائے تو پھر قیامت کا انتظار کرو۔ پوچھا کہ یا رسول اللہ امانت کیسے ضائع ہوگی۔ آپ ﷺنے جواب دیا کہ جب کوئی منصب کسی نا اہل کے سپرد کردیا جائے تو پھر قیامت کا انتظار کرو۔ ‘‘
اقربا پروری، تعلقات اورسفارش کی بنیاد پر جب عہدے تقسیم کیے جاتے ہیں تو اس کا نتیجہ یہ نکلتا ہے کہ نااہل اورناتجربہ کار لوگ عہدوں پر قابض ہو کر خلق خدا کو پریشان کرتے ہیں اور نظامِ حکومت برباد ہو...
Almighty Allāh sent his messengers to lead and guide the human beings. One of the lessons we learn from the lives of the prophets and their struggles is the significance of the presence of a peaceful environment. During the lifetime of our holy Prophet establishment the for examples numerous find we, (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad and maintainance of peace. The Arab society was famous for battles and the people were wild in nature, but, with the arrival of Islām, they became the most loving and peaceful society in the world. This article focuses on the role of Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah in maintaining and promoting peace. Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah was a group of people who stayed at the northern corner of al-Masjid al-Nabawī under the constant watch of the Prophet (ﷺ) himself. Aṣḥāb al-Ṣuffah lived in a and life his observed They. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet the to proximity closed learnt from his lectures. So, it can truly be called the first school of the Islamic history. A number of students, schooled in al-Ṣuffah were sent to the different parts of the Arabia and later, to other parts of the Islamic empire, to disseminate the message of peace and love among the people. Their efforts are a significant part of the Islamic history in the promotion of peace.
Vascular wilt of lentil caused by various ecologically and phylogenetically diverse species of Fusarium is found in all the lentil growing areas of Pakistan and the disease could be visualized at both seedling and adult stages of plant growth. The disease is responsible for huge losses each year in Pakistan, yet, there is a scarcity and lack of literature and information regarding its occurrence, incidence, distribution, biology and management of wilt pathogens. Therefore, the study was planned keeping in view the national interests to avoid future losses caused by lentil wilt. The objectives of this study were to assess the wilt prevalence and incidence in major lentil growing districts of Punjab, morpho-molecular and pathogenic characterization of recovered wilt pathogens and the management through host plant resistance, biological control agents and fungicides. A two year field survey data (2011-12 and 2012-13) and laboratory isolations ascertained 213 isolates of Fusarium pathogen as associated wilt incidence identified in the fields. Disease was found widespread with 100% prevalence in all the major lentil growing districts of Punjab viz. Bhakkar, Layyah, Mianwali, Khushab, Sialkot, Narowal, Chakwal, Attock, Gujrat and Jhelum. The mean wilt incidence was found 28% with maximum incidence recorded at adult plant stage (32.4%) than at seedling (23.05%). Morphological characterization showed significant variation among the isolates and based on similar morphology, these were grouped into 67 type isolates for subsequent study. The in vitro pathogenicity testing through root dip method using line NARC-08-1 and cultivar Masoor-93 showed excellent production of wilt symptoms for pathogenic characterization. High pathogenic variability was revealed among the isolates. Based on disease reaction i.e. avirulent to highly virulent observed on most susceptible line NARC-08-1, isolates showed 0 to 100% disease incidence and severity index with significant (11.86 to 100%) reduction in yield. The isolates were grouped into four categories viz. highly virulent (13 isolates, 19.40%), moderately virulent (41, 61.19%), low virulent (8, 11.94%) and avirulent (5, 7.46%). The highly virulent isolates included FWC15, FWJ35, FWJ49, FWG1, FWS11, FWS13, FWN2, FWL2, FWL6, FWL9, FWL12, FWB10 and FWK2. Molecular characterization and DNA sequencing of isolates through PCR amplification of translation elongation factor TEF-1α gene region using primers ef1 and ef2 confirmed the identity of the Fusarium isolates at species level. The amplification produced a single DNA fragment of size 700bp in each of the isolates. Phylogenetic analysis of 67 morphologically and pathogenically diverse Fusarium isolates recovered from various lentil districts of the country revealed that the isolates belonged to different clades under five distinct species. The identified species included F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. nygamai, F. commune and F. equiseti. This data supported the morphological variation observed among the isolates and divulged the association of these identified species in wilt disease incidence as reported in the major lentil producing region of the country. The findings revealed the highest prevalence of F. oxysporum (49.29%) in the region followed by F. redolens (29.57%), F. equiseti (10.79%) and F. commune (7.98%), while least prevalence was of F. nygamai (2.34%). The most virulent F. oxysporum isolate FWL12 (GenBank accession number KP297995) was selected for the management trials. Screening of the lentil germplasm revealed reduced wilt infection in five cultivars viz. Markaz-09, Masoor-86, Masoor-2006, Punjab Masoor-00518, Punjab Masoor-09 that showed 4.44 to 12.59% severity index, 20 to 46.67% incidence and 9.60 to 24.94% yield reduction. The biological management revealed the best efficiency of T. harzianum in reducing wilt infection on line NARC-08-1 and produced 8.9% disease severity index, 26.7% incidence with 16.27% yield reduction. Chemical seed treatment identified systemic fungicides as highly effective in disease management that resulted in improved 100% seed germination. Benomyl (6.7% incidence and 1.5% severity index) was found superior than Thiophanate methyl (13.3%, 3%). In conclusion, the results of this research study provide an overall current status of wilt disease in the country and high lightened the areas under current high risk of its spread. The findings also revealed the continuous reduction in the acreage of this crop in the major lentil region. The revealed association of five virulent and morpho-molecularly diverse species viz. F. oxysporum, F. redolens, F. nygamai, F. commune and F. equiseti with the wilt disease is reported for the first time in Pakistan. The screening suggests five cultivars viz. Markaz-09, Masoor-86, Masoor-2006, Punjab Masoor-00518 and Punjab Masoor-09 as an important source of resistance for lentil breeding against wilt. Moreover, T. harzianum proves an efficient biological control agent, while seed treatment suggests Benomyl and Thiophanate methyl as the most effective against the wilt pathogen.