مولانا عامر عثمانی
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں مولانا عامر عثمانی ایڈیٹر تجلی دیوبند کابھی غریب الوطنی میں قلب کادورہ پڑنے سے اچانک انتقال ہوگیا، مولانا مفتی عتیق الرحمن صاحب عثمانی کے برادرعم زاد تھے، دارالعلوم دیوبند سے فراغت پائی تھی، ذہانت و طباعی اورشعرو ادب کا ذوق اس خاندان کی خصوصیت ہے۔ مرحوم کوبھی اس سے بہرۂ وافر ملا تھا۔چنانچہ اردو زبان کے نغزگوشاعر بھی تھے اورایک صاحب طرزادیب بھی،شگفتہ نگاری کے ساتھ قلم بے حد شوخ اوربے باک تھا۔تنقید میں لگی لپٹی کچھ اٹھا کے نہیں رکھتے تھے اوراس اعتبار سے اس شعر کامصداق تھے:
ناوک نے تیرے صید نہ چھوڑا زمانہ میں
تڑپے ہے مرغ قبلہ نما آشیانہ میں
لیکن تنقید بڑی محنت اورکثیر مطالعہ کے بعدکرتے تھے، مذہبیات میں طنز نگاری ان کی ایجاد تھی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ کمزوریوں سے عفوودرگزر فرما کرمغفرت وبخشش کی نعمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے۔آمین [مئی۱۹۷۵ء]
In Islamic legislation Ijtihad plays an important role and has central position in the whole process. Demands of life change day by day thus it become necessary to take on the structural review of Islamic laws keeping in mind the spirit and discipline of Islamic. Ijtihad thus play as a perfect tool for legislation. Regarding fatawas the jurists followed the methodologies of companions, tabieen, and taba Tabaeen. In cases in which they did not find any legal opinion of their teachers related to a specific problem they themselves tried to find out the solution for that problem from the relevant Texts and formulate their own fatawa. In Pakistan the Judiciary that performs the task of interpretation for law-making, Majlis-e-Shura and various Ulama are exercising the job of Ifta. The Council of Islamic Ideology is the official legislative body of fatawa. Taqleed is also an acceptable mode of legislation whose proofs are evident from Quran and Sunnah. It has been used as a source of legislation in Pakistan as well. In constitution of Pakistan article 189 and 201 are related to Taqlid. Article 189 and 201 makes the decisions of Supreme Court binding on all courts and the High court judgments binding on all subordinate courts. Thus the legislative process in Islam employs the methods of Ijtihad, Ifta and Taqlid as a perfect tool of legislation.
Different concentrations of nickel (Ni) are ubiquitously distributed in nature. Ni is released into the environment as a result of natural and anthropogenic sources. It ranks 24th among abundant elements in the earth crust. The inter and intraspecific responses of plant species including crop plants vary widely to excessive concentration of heavy metals in their growth medium. The performance of five Vigna species, viz. V. aconitifolia, V. cylindrica, V. mungo, V. radiata and V. unguiculata, were evaluated under various doses (50, 100 and 150 mg kg-1) using NiCl2.6H2O as a source of Ni. A series of green house experiments under simulated field conditions were conducted to assess germination, growth (shoot and root lengths (cm), fresh and dry biomass (g), number of nodules, number of leaves, leaf area (cm2) and chlorophyll a and b), yield (number of flowers, pods and seeds per pod) and for yield attributes (hundred seeds weight (g). In addition, macro nutrients (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) in plant tissues and several biochemical attributes, malondialdehyde, enzymatic (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase) and non-enzymatic components (ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol, carotenoids) involved in antioxidative defense were evaluated. The pattern of bioaccumulation of Ni and its translocation in different plants parts were assessed. The data records for various attribute studied were made at different intervals (four, eight weeks and maturity). Ni induced a drastic decline in growth and biomass of plants, formation of nodules and chlorophyll a and b contents. The elevated level of Ni also induced a decline in yield and yield attributes. The estimation of different macronutrients in plant parts depicted a marked inhibition in the distribution of various macronutrients. Moreover, toxicity and accumulation of Ni in plant tissues considerably increased in a concentration dependent manner. Vigna species signify an exclusion approach for Ni tolerance as both bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) were less than 1.0. The Ni content of plants being root > shoot > leaves > seeds. Ni stress lead to oxidative stress, by enhanced production of ROS determined via MDA production. An affirmative relationship between MDA and Ni level was established. A dose dependent increase in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of antioxidative defense induced scavenging role to cope with metal stress. Overall, the Vigna species revealed Ni tolerance in an order of V. radiata > V. cylindrica > V. unguiculata > V. mungo > V. aconitifolia. The study clearly suggested that the acquisition of Ni tolerance in V. radiata followed by V. cylindrica seems to occur through an integrated mechanism of metal tolerance. It may arise from differential accumulation of Ni in the plant parts without damaging the tissues and considerable alteration of important growth parameters, along with chlorophyll biosynthesis. Moreover, the sustainable macronutrients uptake, stronger roots due to greater deposition of Ca2+ in their tissues and enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidative defense, restricted transfer of Ni to above ground tissues and seeds as well as exclusion capacity of the roots to bind appreciable amount of metal to them. Thus, metal tolerant potential of V. radiata and V. cylindrica could be of great significance to remediate metal contaminated soil owing lesser impact of Ni on macro-nutrients, hence the yield. Thus, these species can be a choice for abandoned soils contaminated with Ni.