Islamic Approach towards Social Construction: An Analytical Study in the Light of Hazrat Umar Farooq’s (RA) Wisdom and Thought

تعمیرِسماج کا اسلامی منہج : حضرت عمر فاروقؓ کی فکر و بصیرت کی روشنی میں تجزیاتی مطالعہ The modern era is considered as advanced and humanized in terms of materialized advancement only. Today the leading societies of the world have created a self-sufficient religion in the name of humanism and have set standards ignoring Divine guidance. Thus, man has the right to decide the rules and norms of society on his own goodwill. As a result, the breaking of family system, appearance of gay and homosexual relations, etc. Are being considered as legitimate in many countries where religion is no more considered a guiding principle. On the other hand, revealed religions have focus on the development of humanity in terms of both the ethical and materialistic perspectives. Islam as religion has provided a model of such an advancement and social change in history that has proven that Divine guidance is major source for betterment and development of civilization and humanity. This was practically proven in the time of Muslim golden rule in the world. The caliph Umar (R.A) was the man who introduced for the first time, the principles and values, which has changed the Arabs to a civilized and humanized nation. This huge change was made possible in the light of Divine guidance. In this academic article all such norms, values, and principles that were introduced by Sayyīdnā Umar (R.A) which brought a social change in his Era are discussed. Facts have been collected from historic books and presented following the descriptive and analytical method. Although, the information was narrated and scattered in the books, no proper study was introduced where the role of these reforms in the social construction was analyzed. The aim of the study has to investigate the historic facts of social change in the era of the righteous Caliph Sayyidna Umar bin Khattāb and prepare a guideline for the humanity in present era.  

Charged Isotropic and Anisotropic Fluid Gravitational Collapse

Thisthesisisidevotedtothestudyofchargedisotropicandanisotropicfluidgravitational collapse in the frame work of General Theory of Relativity. We have investigated the dynamical features of the charged viscous cylindrical source using the Misner’s approach. The Einstein-Maxwell field equations and conservation equations have been formulated for the assumed matter and geometry. Using the Darmois criteria, we have investigated the matching conditions for the smooth matchingoftheinteriorregionofcylindricalsourcewithVaidyalikeexteriorsolution. Toseeeffectsofcharge,heatfluxandviscosityonthedynamicsofgravitational collapse, the dynamical equations of the charged gravitating cylindrical source have been coupled with transportation equations. Also, we have discussed the thermalevaluationofcollapsingchargedcompactobject. Theequationsofmotion as well as junction conditions have been formulated for the spherical gravitating source. The perturbation scheme of first order is then applied to field equations, conservations equations and truncated version of the heat transport equation. The resulting system of equations provide the collapse equation and temperature profile of the gravitating system. We have explored the anisotropic fluid collapse enclosed by the cylindrical and plane symmetric spacetimes. We have presented theiparametric form of twoimetricifunctions in term ofia single metric function, which helps to determine the expansion and collapse of the gravitating sources.