ان سب رگوں سے پھوٹتے جنوں کا مسئلہ
لاحق ہمیں ہے ہر گھڑی سکوں کا مسئلہ
اب لاؤ کوئی پیر میرا سینہ دم کرو
ٹلتا نہیں ہے ہجر کے فسوں کا مسئلہ
دن ہو بھلے سے عید کا ہمیں خوشی نہیں
اب لا دوا سا ہے دلِ زبوں کا مسئلہ
اپنے بھی اب تو خیر سے اپنے ہیںکب رہے
یوں بڑھ گیا ہے یہ سفید خوں کا مسئلہ
چھینا ہے تیری ضد نے مجھ سے اُس کو اے خدا
معلوم تھا جسے مرے ’’لوںلوں‘‘ کا مسئلہ
The question of the end of morality is certainly as old as moral speculation itself. It is this question that prompted Aristotle speculating on moral or character virtue. Moral question is properly a human question since only human beings are expected to act in a given way and are subject to praise and reward or blame and punishment. We should remember that also God and angels are expected to act in a given way, but that would, strictly speaking, be the subject of moral theology and revelation, since without revelation depending only on reason, we cannot examine the acts of God and angels in order to determine how they should act. In short, it is only human beings who can be judged to act morally or immorally if we depend only on human reason, without the support of revelation. In the whole work, Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham stick on happiness, though each differ in approaches. Consequentialists are after the greatest happiness of the greatest number, by advocating on the struggle to that which may make man happy and avoid evil by all means. Aristotle on his side is on eudaimonism, where man is found to be happy but moral happy. Happiness for Aristotle should be reasonable, morally good and means should be maintained. This research is analytical by nature, where both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented throughout the work. The work has been successful though some challenges could not be avoided. Finally, in doing or acting, man should observe virtue; and this is always doing good and avoiding evil.
High levels of boron (B) and salinity are a serious constraint to crop production around the world. Cropping on saline and B toxic land is restricted by the low tolerance of agricultural crops to these abiotic factors. Prospects for improving B and salt tolerance in wheat can only be made possible by advance research. Frequently, B and salt occur together, however, it is unknown whether the interactions of B and salt increase or decrease the tolerance of a plant to both of these stresses. Low concentration of B is essential to plant growth and may limit the plant growth and development in excess quantity especially under saline conditions. Limited information was available regarding the effect of B on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under saline conditions. The present studies were conducted to investigate the interactive effects of salinity and B on growth, yield, physiological and biochemical responses of wheat. Hydroponics and pot studies were conducted at various B levels under normal and saline conditions. First, twelve wheat genotypes were screened out against various levels of salinity (control, 100, 200 mM NaCl) in solution culture. The SARC-I and Sehar-2006 were found as tolerant to salinity whereas, Kohistan-90 and MH-97 were categorized as salt-sensitive wheat genotypes. In a second study, these four wheat genotypes (differing in salt tolerance, selected from study-I) were grown at control, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mM B in hydroponics under non-saline and saline conditions (100 and 200 mM NaCl). The data of physical and biochemical characteristics showed that the decrease in root and shoot fresh and dry weights were more in salt-sensitive (Kohistan-90 and MH-97) than in salt-tolerant (SARC-I and Sehar-2006) wheat genotypes. Salt-tolerant wheat genotypes accumulate less B and Na+, while more K+ in their leaves than the salt-sensitive wheat genotypes. Salinity resulted in higher reduction of shoot growth while B toxicity affected root growth more than the shoots growth. The reduction in plant growth by combined salinity and B toxicity was less than the sum of reduction caused by individual salinity and B toxicity. Salinity reduced B toxic effects and B toxicity reduced salinity stress in wheat plants. Regarding the physiological responses like photosynthetic rate (PR) stomatal conductance (SC) and transpiration rate (TR) were also decreased with salinity and toxic levels of B, and salt-tolerant genotypes showed better response regarding PR, SC and TR than salt-sensitive genotypes. Moreover, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was found higher in tolerant genotypes than sensitive ones in the presence xix of individual and combined salinity and B stresses. In a pot study, the effects of various levels of B (control, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg kg-1) on the growth, yield, physiological and biochemical processes of two wheat genotypes (differing in salt-tolerance, selected from study-II) in normal as well as saline (electrical conductivity i.e., EC = 10 and 20 dS m-1) soils were investigated. The plant height, straw and grain yields of wheat were increased at lower level of B and decreased at toxic B rates in both normal and salt-affected soils. In comparison with salt-tolerant SARC-I, the salt-sensitive MH-97 showed more reduction in growth, yield and physiological attributes in the presence of individual as well as combined salinity and B toxicity. Leaf B and K+ concentration decreased under saline conditions, while leaf Na+ concentration increased. Salt-tolerant genotype accumulated less Na+, Cl- and B and more K+ in leaves. The PR, TR and SC decreased, while the activity of SOD and CAT increased with increasing salinity and B stresses either alone or in combination and that were found higher in tolerant genotype as compared to sensitive one. Regarding Pakistani conditions, wheat genotype i.e., SARC-I was proved as most promising one under saline and B toxic conditions and can be directly used by farmers or can be used for the development of more salinity and B tolerant wheat genotypes by the breeders. The impacts of soil salinity and B toxicity on the carbohydrate partitioning, growth and ionic composition of two Australian wheat varieties (i.e., Halberd, salt-tolerant and Westonia, salt-sensitive) were explored, in another glasshouse experiment conducted at Murdoch University, Perth-Australia. The results showed that salt-tolerant variety accumulated more Na+, B and Cl- in their leaf sheath and kept their leaf blades free of these toxic ions than sensitive variety. Water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs; such as glucose, sucrose, fructose and fructans) concentration increased in response to individual and combined stresses of salinity and high B in leaf blade of both tolerant and sensitive varieties but the increase was higher in tolerant variety than the sensitive one. The concentration of WSCs in leaf sheath of salt-tolerant Halberd wheat variety was increased in response to stress conditions but remained low in salt-sensitive Westonia. In squat, it can be concluded from the above Ph.D. research work that salinity and B toxicity showed antagonistic relationships for their effects on wheat growth, yield, physiological and biochemical responses. The highly tolerant and low B accumulating wheat genotype can be a wise option for normal and salt-affected B-toxic conditions.