حضرت خدیجہ
خدیجۃ الکبریٰؓ کی شادیاں : حضرت خدیجہ ؓکے والد خویلد عرب کے مشہور تاجر تھے ۔ قریش میں نامور تھے ان کی وفات کے بعد خدیجہؓ نے ان کے تجارتی کاروبا ر کو سنبھالا دیا اور اسے وسعت دی ۔ عفت و پاک دامنی کے سبب خدیجہ طاہرہ کے لقب سے جانی پہچانی جاتی تھیں ۔ ان کی پہلی شادی عتیق بن عائذ مخزومی سے ہوئی ‘ ان میں سے دو اولادیں ہوئیں ۔ ایک لڑکا عبداللہ بن عتیق اور ایک لڑکی ہند بنت عتیق ۔ خدیجہ کے شوہر عتیق کا انتقال ہوا ۔ اس کے بعد خدیجہ کی دوسری شادی ابو ہالہ بن زرارہ تمیمی سے ہوئی ۔ ان سے ہالہ ‘ طاہراور ہند پیدا ہوئے ‘ یہ تینوں بھائی صحابی تھے ۔ ( رحمۃ اللعالمین ۔۱۴۴۔ ۲ ) وہ مزید لکھتے ہیں کہ بعض سیرت نگاروں نے خدیجہ کا پہلا نکاح ابو ہالہ بن زرارہ سے ہوا تھا ‘ لکھا ہے ‘ اس بات میں مورخین کا اختلاف ہے ۔ ’’ قتادہ ‘‘ نے عتیق کا پہلا نکاح بتایا ہے اور جرجانی نے ابو ہالہ کا ۔ صاحب الاسیتعاب نے بھی جرجانی کے قول کو صحیح کہا ہے ۔ میں (سلمان) نے قتادہ کے قول؛ کو اس لیے پسند کیا ہے کہ صاحب الا ستیعاب نے ہند کو ربیب رسول اللہ لکھا ہے اور یہ تب ہی ہو سکتا ہے کہ ابو ہالہ کے بعد نبی مکرم ﷺ کا نکاح ہوا ہو ( حوالہ بالا )
دونوں شوہروں کا انتقال ہوا ‘ بعد ازاں قریش کے سرداروں نے انہیں نکاح کرنے کے پیغامات بھیجے مگر خدیجہؓ نے سب پیغامات ٹھکرا دیئے لیکن آپ کے پیغام کو بہ دل و جان قبول کیا۔ نکاح کے پیغام کو قبول کرنے کی وجہ ابن اسحاق یوں بیان کرتے ہیں جو خود خدیجہؓ کے الفاظ میں یہ...
The Gulf Wars, fought in 1991 and 2003 respectively, are inter-related with each other. These wars reshaped and totally changed the Geo-Political structure of the Middle East. Apparently, the Geo-Political importance of the Middle East has remained universal truth from the very first day of human being. In that regard, it has always remained like it in the eyes of world powers such as Romans, Greeks, Sassanid, Ottomans, UK, Russia and America. Chronically, US increased interference in the Middle East soon after the World War II (1945). Eventually, Saddam Hussain was Pro-Socialist and disliked American interference in the Middle East; that was why, US started to overthrow Saddam Hussain’s regime and control the Middle East oil resources. Due to that, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain into Iran-Iraq War for more than eight years, which became futile and fatal for both countries. Mercilessly, the United States trapped Saddam Hussain once again into devastative War between Iraq and Kuwait in 1990. After that, accusing Saddam of violating International Law, the US found reason to invade Iraq directly, which is known as the Gulf War I (1991). Awfully, Iraq was kept in war for than a decade. When the US failed to overthrow Saddam regime after devastative and savage attacks, she got passed resolutions from the United Nations to impose economic sanctions on Iraq due to allegation of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMDs). Valiantly, innocent Iraqis endeavored economic sanctions for more than a decade. After the inspection of world experts’ teams, they could find neither any sign of WMDs nor any stockpile of WMDs. Apart from that, the US led Coalition invaded Iraq in March 2003, massacre millions of people, collapsed its economy and ruined its infrastructure.
The upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactors seeded with cow dung manure and activated sludge of a dairy wastewater treatment plant, termed as UASBCD and UASBASDIT, were used to treat medium strength raw domestic wastewater. The start-up of UASBCD reactor required a period of 120 days. In case of UASBASDIT reactor, sludge bet was stabilized in a period of 80 days. The performance of both reactors to treat wastewater was enhanced with an increase in the sludge age and temperature. Under psychrophilic temperature (17 OC) and at early sludge age (60 days), COD and BOD removal by the reactors was in the range of 57-62% and 61- 66%, respectively. However, COD and BOD removal efficiency of the reactors elevated to the range of 79-81% and 77-83%, respectively at sludge age of 150 days and temperature of 30 OC. In short, overall performance of both reactors was optimal at sludge age ranging from 120-150 days and temperature varying between 25-30 O C. However, overall performance of UASBCD reactor was always relatively better than UASBASDIT reactor due to better granulation, biomass growth and settling characteristics of sludge with time in the former reactor. Both reactors were re-started after a long shutdown period of 12 months, and operated at HRT of 12 hrs and 30 OC temperature. The reactors restored normal performance in a time period of 30 days. Post-treatment of UASB wastewater was accomplished in order to improve the quality of wastewater in accordance with the permissible limits for irrigation water. The application of ozone, UV irradiation and H2O2 at their optimal exposure time (ozonation time varying between 26-30 min; UV irradiation time of 8-15 min) and dose (H2O2 dose in the range of 280-336 mg/L) showed 99.9% elimination of pathogens (total coliform, fecal coliform and E.coli) in wastewaters of both reactors. The disinfection efficiency of combined systems (O3/UV; H2O2/UV; O3/H2O2) was, however, spectacular. The application of these systems showed 99.9% removal of pathogens at very short contact time and less dose as compared to time and dose required in their individual application. There was no re-growth in wastewater samples disinfected at optimal contact time (ozonation time of 25 min; UV irradiation for 15 min) and maximum dose (H2O2 dose of 336 mg/L) in the presence of nutrients during a time period of 21 days. However, underdozed samples and wastewater samples exposed for inadequate time period showed re-growth, which was a function of nutrient content, temperature and light, and regrowth of pathogens was substantially increased with increasing temperature and adding nutrients.