دور حاضر میں کرنسیوں کے ادھار خرید و فروخت کا شرعی جائزہ

Foreign Exchange trading is when you buy and sell foreign currencies to generate profit. In our age of advance technology even the virtual or digital currencies have now emerged. This entire business however is mostly based upon speculation and prediction. Even the most skilled and experienced traders face difficulty in predicting movements in currencies. Further, the value of not well established currencies can fluctuate or its exchange rate value can change any time. In view of occupying central place in the economic systems down the ages, Muslim scholars have also vehemently discussed currency, its significanc and matters relating to it in transactions. The present article reviews trading of foreign currencies from Islamic perspective in a situation when no cash is involved in the transaction. The article concludes that as the currencies in such transactions are different commodities, therefore their trade is legal.

Exploring Accelerated Learning Curriculum Implementation in a Private School in Kabul, Afghanistan

This study aims to explore the implementation of accelerated learning program (ALP) curriculum in the context of a primary school in Kabul, Afghanistan. The ALP has come to be seen as one of the possible solutions to catch-up with the lost time/opportunities for the Afghan youth who missed out on education due to wars and related force migrations. For the purpose of the said inquiry, qualitative research paradigm was selected within which case-study research strategy was the main methodology. In this regard, the data was collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews and classroom observations. Findings of the study reveal that the ALP curriculum was rationalized and designed to provide appropriate education to the disadvantaged children of the country. Implementation of the ALP curriculum was reported to have contributed towards providing educational opportunities to disadvantaged children. The ALP curriculum basically was found to be extracted from the national curriculum (which was designed for the regular schooling), and hence was made-up of some selected portions of the regular curriculum. These curricular selections were arranged in a manner to complete the primary level in 2 and half years, instead of six years (normal). The pedagogies used in the classrooms were mainly: activity-based teaching, role play, and writing skills development. The ALP implementation also faced certain challenges. One of the main challenges toward implementation of the ALP was the selection of its content from the national curriculum which was originally designed for regular schooling. Given the ALP timelines (shorter relatively), the content selected seemed difficult to 'fit' within the ALP schedule. Similarly, the pedagogies used in classroom settings, had their origins in the national curriculum, and therefore there was some misfit with the overall ALP learning goals. The study recommends that there is a need to design an alternative/separate (tailor-made) curriculum for the ALP classes that could effectively meet the needs of the ALP curriculum. The study further suggests that the Ministry of Education could consider the ALPs as alternative programs to achieve the missed educational opportunities of the nation's youth. The study also encourages the Aga Khan Education Service, Afghanistan, to include awareness of the challenges and possibilities regarding the ALP, as reported in the study, to inform the development of the ALP for their settings.