Information Management From the Interpretation of Al-Quran: Study on Tafsir Nur Al-Ihsan

The development of works in the field of Quranic interpretation has grown rapidly in this age. The work in this field has been written in various major languages of the world such as Arabic, English and Malay. The resulting works contain a lot of information quoted from the works written by previous authors. For example, the work of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan written by Muhammad Said Omar contains a lot of information quoted from Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Baydawi and Tafsir al-Jamal. Nevertheless, this study found that the information was widely quoted by the author until there was an inaccurate information being referred to by him. Therefore, a method or system should be practiced so that the information contained in the work of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan can be managed well as well as avoid the mistakes of readers. One way to manage these resources is to identify the original work referred to by the author. The analysis of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan used the genetic approach which was published by Goldman in studying the origin of the resources. This study referred the text from Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan and the texts of works that became author's references, which are Tafsir al-Jalalyn, Tafsir al-Jamal, Tafsir al-Baydawi, Tafsir al-Khazin, Tafsir al-Baghawi, Tafsir al-Tabari, Tafsir al-Qurtubi, Tafsir al-Razi, Tafsir al-Nasafi, Tafsir Ibn Kathir and Tafsir al-Tha’labi, and made a comparison of the texts to detect the similarities and differences. The result of the analysis proved that Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id implemented five methods; which are quoting the text in parallel, writing an abstract, removal of some of the words, adding explan-ation, and refuting part of the text. This study also revealed the purpose of Syeikh Muhammad Sa’id while creating his work is to strengthen the translations written. Thus, he successfully strengthens translation when the contents of the text are parallel to the reference. However, in certain places existed a text from the author's references contradicts with the content of Tafsir Nur al-Ihsan, which failed his attempt to strengthen the translation in certain part of the text. Key words: , , .

Development of Students Speaking Skills in the Primary English Classroom

In Pakistan English as a foreign language is being taught from primary classes. Teaching English is based on the grammar translation method - reading and translating the text from English to Urdu both in government and private schools. In such classes teaching is based on rote memorization with little meaningful speaking activities, despite one of the curriculum objectives of teaching English language being to teach students to communicate orally. The purpose of this research was to develop students' speaking skills in the primary classroom. The findings related to pre - intervention stage indicate that the constraints that hinder development of speaking skills were the students' fear of making mistakes, they felt hesitant to speak. This was due to lack of opportunity to practice English in the classroom. The lack of opportunity was due to: a) poor time management; b) too many children in the class; c) pressure of exams and syllabus; d) mechanical, individual and choral speaking activities, i.e. short phrases or one word answers. The seven week intervention helped the students to develop their confidence and fluency of speech. To develop accuracy further would require more time. The intervention revealed that: a) students spoke without hesitations or fear of making mistakes and hence were more confident; b) Students spoke with less pauses, had good flow, used less Urdu and were more coherent i.e. they had much greater fluency. c) students made less grammatical mistakes. For primary students to be fluent in speaking the target language the teacher needs to give more opportunity and create an environment to speak allowing the students to talk about their own experiences.