حضرت مولانا حماد اللہ ہالیجوی کی زندگی کا علمی جائزہ

Allah Almighty is the creator of the whole universe. He bestowed wisdom and intellect to humanbeings. He sent his prophets for their guidance. Prophets taught how to worship Almighty Allah by heart and serve humanity. After Prophets, it is the responsibility of religious scholars to guide people to the right way. Islam also explicitly encourages inward reform. Sub continent Indo-Pak has the privilege of being the gateway of Islam, as well as the benefit of great Islamists and brave people. The great scholars of Islam, Ulama, Hufaaz, Writers, Researchers, Intellectuals, Scientists and saints got birth on this pure land. These great personalities served their religion Islam with their self-determinations and eliminated the darkness of ignorance and eliminated the darkness of misguidance. Such great human lives and their educational, religious and literary activities have been documented, as the next generation could be aware of their great hostilities, writings and made their lives and their experiences as a model for themselves. Maulānā Ḥamadullah Ḥālajwī is one of them. He was a prominent pious Islamic scholar, researcher and a saint. He spent his whole life to follow the commands of Almighty Allah and the teachings of Holy Prophet (PBUH). He adapted his life according to the Sunnah. He used to do everything according to the Sunnah. He was a master of good personality and good character. His words were full of wisdom. During his meeting or statement, it seemed as if there was a sea of ​​knowledge, whose ripples were visible in his sermons. He used to make great arrangements for payment of religious duties. He was very pious and devout. His life is an ideal life and his religious and academic services are unpredictable. Practicing the Sunnah had become his mark and identity. He urged others to follow the commands of Allah and His Messenger (PBUH). Sitting in the company of such pious saints is also considered in worship. The bigger his personality, the more humble and controversial he was. This is actually the identity of a mediator and scholar. He was oceans of knowledge and action. The vacuum created by his death takes a long time to fill. Such individuals survive for centuries.

Bio Conversion of Waste Fiber Sludge into Ethanol and Xylanase at Commercial Level

Microbial enzymes such as xylanases enable new technologies for industrial processes. Xylanolytic enzymes hydrolyze complex polysaccharides like xylan and have various commercial applications such as those in the biofuel and pulp and paper fields. In this study, the xylanases from Bacillus pumilus strain BS131 and Aspergillus flavus strain ZGCL17 were isolated from rhizosphere of agricultural fields of district Lahore, Pakistan. These microbes were used as source for production of xylanase and ethanol. A reference strain Aspergillus niger AB1.18 was used as positive reference provided by the courtesy of TNO Netherlands. In the first phase of study, several bacterial and fungal isolates were obtained and purified by subsequent sub-culturing. These purified microbes were then grown on xylan screening media and two strains, BS131 and ZGCL17 were selected because of their significant production capacity. Strain BS131 produced maximum xylanase enzyme (388.8 IU/mg) in xylan medium under submerged fermentation whereas, strain ZGCL17 showed maximum xylanase activity of 493.3 IU/mg in the same medium. In the second phase of study, potential of waste fiber sludge was evaluated to be used as substrate for xylanase production. Waste fiber sludge (WFS) and wheat bran (WB) were used as carbon sources either independently or in combination. Waste fiber sludge was supplemented with different concentrations of salts as well. Along with these salts some combinations were containing wheat bran as an additional Carbon source. Maximum xylanase production was observed in Vogel‟s medium supplemented with WFS as main source of carbon with highest significant xylanase production by strain BS131 (5.7 IU/mL) and strain ZGCL17 (7.3 IU/mL). Along with that, various physio-chemical parameters affecting xylanase production (different media, effect of consortia, incubation period, temperature, pH, substrate concentration, Carbon and Nitrogen sources and enzymatic hydrolysis) were optimized to get maximum enzyme production. Ethanol production was also observed by double fermentation process, involving waste fiber sludge as fermentation substrate. In the first phase of fermentation, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used for the production of ethanol. In second phase two previously selected microbes (BS131 and ZGCL17) were grown on the resultant product of first fermentation step, to observe xylanase production. Quantification analysis provided that xylanase production improved approximately up to 45% in two step fermentation. These observations strongly indicate the suitability of this two step production system of xylanase enzyme. In the next phase of study, microbial xylanases were purified for chemical characterization and structure elucidation. Column chromatography was used to purify xylanase from rest of the entities. Purity of the purified xylanases was confirmed by performing SDS-PAGE analysis. Purified xylanase fractions were sent for MALDI-TOF/MS analysis. Obtained amino acid patterns were compared by previously deposited sequences on NCBI Protein Blast. All the obtained sequences showed resemblance with xylanase enzymes. The purified xylanase produced by Bacillus pumilus strain BS131 was recognized as glucuronoxylanase with a 100% resemblance with the Bacillus pumilus glucuronoxylanase (EDW23359.1). Whereas, the xylanase data obtained for Aspergillus flavus strain ZGCL17 showed 100% homogeneity with the endo-1,4-beta-xylanase Aspergillus flavus NRRL3357 (XP_002380174.1). In the last phase of study, various physio-chemical parameters were optimized to ensure maximum enzyme activity on previously selected substrate combinations. Among different parameters studied (temperature, pH, substrate concentration, Carbon & Nitrogen sources etc.) maximum xylanase activity was observed at neutral pH in case of BS131 and at pH 5 for ZGCL17. The most suitable temperature for xylanase production was estimated to be 30 °C. With respect to substrate specificity studies 4% of WFS:WB was observed to perform on best significant places. In the same way, some kinetics related to temperature and pH stability was also optimized to ensure maximum enzyme activity. Temperature ranged from 30-60 °C and pH values in same regard were 5.0-7.5. All the experiments were performed thrice containing five replicates of each treatment. All the data was analyzed statistically by performing ANOVA and DNMRT with the help of computer aided software DSAASTAT. Based on the results obtained from the present study it is concluded that two rizospheric microbial strains BS131 (Bacillus pumilus) and ZGCL17 (Aspergillus flavus) have the potential for industrial scale production of xylanase enzyme. Along with that WFS and WB have potential for industrial production of xylanase enzyme. The stability of enzyme was observed over a wide range of temperature. Other characteristics observed add further evidence to its potential for industrial applications. The results of present study strongly indicate the scope for further research on some biochemical structural elucidation and enzyme engineering for wide range of applications.