Delaying and Ignoring Trends in Marriages: A Critical Study in Hadith Context

Marriage is a preamble of human life. The human society builds its façade on the characteristics of this unit. Humanity has been granted with divine rules for a successful life. The latest version of divine rules are conveyed through Islam and presented by the Holy Prophet Muhammad of benefits everlasting and grand the declared Islam of history Early. (صلى الله عليه وسلم) these rules in all nooks and corners of life; as Qur’ān and Ḥadīth prominences the trend of in-time marriages to ensure the tangible merits of life. Qur’ān declares marriage as ‘God given relationship’, ‘order from God’, ‘A lawful manner’, ‘Firm covenant’, ‘Love and compassion’, ‘Chastity of life’, ‘Right of women and Sign of safety’ and along with it, as marriage emphasizes (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Muhammad Prophet the of traditions the depicting it a ‘Half of religion’, ‘Protection of eyes’, ‘Prevention of character from corruption’, ‘source of Devil’s desperation’ etc. Owing to this stress of in-time marriages, a Muslim society is not supposed to delay or ignore in time marriages. But in present era, the trend of delaying in making marriages or ignoring the importance of in-time marriages is observing everywhere. This delay in making in-time marriages of young generation shows the weaknesses of faith and confidence in life. It is also the cause of many physical diseases and mental disorders. It destroys the best capabilities and abilities of young force. This paper highlights the importance of timely marriages, strength of married-couple life and damages of late marriage so that the requisite of Islam to form the society on the desired shape may be fulfilled. Lastly, this article emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages it also emphasizes the need to review/change the social behavior regarding late marriages and a herald to initiate some sorts of laws for making in-time marriages in society so that prevailing damages due to late marriages can be curtailed.

Synthesis of Novel, Hybrid Polymer Nanocomposite Adsorbent by Graft Polymerization and its Environmental Applications

Two different synthesis approaches were utilized with the ambition for the development of efficient and cost effective adsorbents. These methods were simultaneous radiation grafting and emulsion graft polymerization. Poly(acrylonitrile) grafted sepiolite nanohybrid (MS-g-PANγ) has been synthesized using acrylonitrile via simultaneous radiation grafting. The grafting yield was measured by varying the absorbed dose, dose rate and monomer concentration. The acrylonitrile group was chemically modified into amidoxime (MS-g-aoPANγ). The structural and morphological investigations of these nanohybrids were performed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Batch adsorption studies were carried out for copper uptake onto amidoximated nanohybrid adsorbents to envisage the effects of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time and initial concentration. Equilibrium was attained within 30 minutes following pseudo-second order kinetics and was well described by the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 278 mg/g for 5 kGy sample. This environmental friendly and cost effective adsorbent can be used for the removal of copper ion. Same technique was exploited for the synthesis of sepiolite-g-polystyrene nanohybrid (MS-g-PSγ) using Co-60 irradiator in the presence of dichloromethane (DCM) under nitrogen atmosphere and room temperature. The grafting yield was affected by absorbed dose and monomer concentration in the mixture. Sulfonation of synthesized nanohybrid (MS-g-sPSγ) was carried out with sulfuric acid. Both the grafting of styrene and its sulfonation were verified by FT-IR, XRD and FESEM. The gravimetric investigations showed that grafting increased with the absorbed dose. Results showed that the system allowed successful grafting of styrene onto modified sepiolite. Sepiolite-g-polyacrylonitrile nanocomposites (MS-g-PAN) were also synthesized using emulsion graft polymerization. The influence of synthesis parameters (concentrations of monomer, initiator and surfactant) on grafting yield was studied. The nitrile group was chemically modified into amidoxime (MS-g-aoPAN). Maximum grafting of 373% was achieved at 5% acrylonitrile, 1% surfactant and 0.1% initiator xvii concentrations. The structural and morphological changes were observed by FT-IR, XRD, FESEM and TEM. Similar technique was applied for the synthesis of sepiolite-g-polystyrene nanocomposites (MS-g-PS) using styrene. Maximum grafting of 85% was achieved at 3% styrene concentration (w/v). FT-IR, XRD and FESEM confirmed the presence of polystyrene grafts but grafting yield was low (85%). So it can be established that radiation grafting is better route for the synthesis of sepiolite-g-polystyrene nanocomposites as compared to emulsion graft polymerization. The intention of this project was to develop organic-inorganic nanohybrid materials having the aptitude to adsorb toxic metals from waste water. The ambition was successfully achieved by adopting two routes of synthesis i.e. radiation grafting and emulsion graft polymerization.