عبداللطیف تپش
عبداللطیف تپش(۱۸۹۵ء ۔۱۹۴۳ئ) لاہور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ منشی فاضل اور بی۔اے کے امتحانات پاس کرنے کے بعد کچھ عرصہ پنجاب ہائی کورٹ میں ملازمت کی۔ پھر گورنمنٹ انٹر کالج پسرور ضلع سیالکوٹ میں علومِ شرقیہ کے استاد مقرر ہوئے۔ پسرور میں ملازمت کے دوران مزید تعلیم کے لیے مطالعے کو جاری رکھا اور ایم ۔اے فارسی کا امتحان ۱عزاز کے ساتھ پاس کیا۔اس امتحان میں تپشؔ یونیورسٹی بھر میں اول رہے ۔ (۴۱۶) تپشؔ کو شعرو شاعری سے حد سے زیادہ دلچسپی تھی۔ ان کے اوقاتِ تدریس بڑے دلکشا اور معلومات افزا ہوتے۔ کالج میں بزمِ ادب کی جان ہوا کرتے تھے۔ گورنمنٹ کالج پسرور میں قیام کے دوران متعدد ادبی مجالس اور مشاعروںکا مقصد طلبا کے ذوق کی نشوونما اور فروغ زبان اُردو تھا۔ جو بدرجہ اتم ہوا اور کئی طالب علم شاعر بن گئے۔ گورنمنٹ کالج پسرور میں ۴ مارچ ۱۹۳۲ء کو ابو الاثر حفیظ جالندھری تشریف لائے تو کالج کے وائس پرنسپل پروفیسر سراج الدین آذر نے کالج سٹاف کا تعارف کراتے ہوئے عبداللطیف تپشؔ کے بارے میں کہا :
یہ شاعر ہی نہیں شاعر گر بھی ہیں۔(۴۱۷)
تپشؔ کا شعر و شاعری کا ذوق جبلی تھا۔ انھیں سر عبدالقادر (مدیر مخزن) جیسی علمی و ادبی شخصیت کی دامادی کا شرف بھی حاصل تھا۔ جس کی وجہ سے آپ کے شعری ذوق کی بہت جلد اصلاح اور ترقی ہو گئی۔ تپش ؔ نے سر عبدالقادر کی علمی صحبتوں سے بصدِ رنگ استفادہ کیا لیکن آپ کی طبیعت نظم کی طرف مائل نہ ہو سکی۔ بلکہ آپ غزل ہی کے شائق و دلدادہ رہے۔ آپ شروع میں بہت پرگو اور مشکل شاعر تھے لیکن کثرتِ مشق سخن سے ان کے کلام میں سادگی و پرکاری آگئی۔ اُن کے کلام ہندوستان کے ممتاز ادبی رسائل و جرائد میں شائع ہوا کر تاتھا۔ (۴۱۸) آپ...
The very existence of theology was a prelude to the competition of philosophy and the support of religion. Other religions, for the sake of legitimacy of their religion, have been raising objections to Islam in all respects. The mixture of nations, non-Arab influences, the negligent rhetoric of scholars and shaykhs, and the erroneous beliefs and practices of the people were tarnishing the clean face of Islam. In the time of Ibn Taymiyyah, there was an emphasis on theology. Theologians specialize in their knowledge and art of rationalism and logic. Their method consisted of reasoning and inference, rational and logical proofs. In contrast to them, the Hanbalis were holding the line of reasoning from the apparent meaning of verses and hadiths and texts. In the case of debates and debates, the weight of the theologians would be heavy and the opponent would be considered ignorant. Ibn Taymiyyah paid homage to the authenticity and supremacy of the Qur'an and Sunnah in such a way that he made critical commentary and analysis on philosophy and Greek logic and reasoned weaknesses and errors. One-half or two-thirds of his total writing services on the subject of speech and logic. This shows that Ibn Taymiyyah was feeling the need of defending Islam in this regard because in his time these sciences and arts had become very popular and common practice. The far-reaching effects of his thoughts and opinions in this regard have been felt in every age. The issues in which he has differed are the result of his research, jurisprudence and ijtihad, and constant reflection. The basis and foundation of which is the Quran and Sunnah, the interaction of companions and speculation. In these Ijtihad issues of hiss, there is a collection of arguments and proofs related to the Quran and Sunnah. In this article, an introductory and analytical study of Ibn Taymiyyah's fundamental differences will be presented.
A bare salt-affected land was selected in the vicinity of a remnant grove of thorn forest community at Harappa archaeological site with the objective of rehabilitating minimum viable populations of thorn forest species. Monitoring of previously planted trees revealed spatial differences in species establishment with sites showing good, moderate and poor survival and growth. In order to successfully restore the site a complete set of experiments was designed, that based on in-depth analysis of microclimatic factors, species tolerance limits and fertilizer amendments. The results revealed that restoration of native plant community required the identification and modification of environmental factors that were impeding or restricting ecosystem development at this site. They also showed that the area is not uniformly saline but can be divided into sites of low (EC e < 60 mS cm -1 ), moderate (60-85 mS cm -1 ) and high (> 85 mS cm -1 ) surface salinity. Analysis of replaced soil showed accumulation of salinity in plant pits at all the sites in general and at high salinity site in particular resulting in greater plant mortality at that site. Difference in micro-topography was causing greater salinity built-up in the pits at high salinity site especially by monsoon overflows resulting in high plant mortality. A pot experiment designed to check the response of individual species to salinity and fertilizers showed a negative linear relationship between plant growth and biomass characters as they decreased with increasing salinity levels and were enhanced with increasing fertility. All tree species seemed to be salt tolerant to varying degrees. EC e value at which dry matter production would be reduced to 50% as compared to un-fertilized control plants was highest for Salvadora oleoides followed by Prosopis cineraria, Tamarix aphylla and Capparis decidua under low fertility and this sequence of decreasing salt tolerance was maintained when plants were supplemented by fertilizers. An in-situ experiment was conducted using soil replacement, gypsum and inorganic fertilizers as amendments on the three salinity sites. Three years monitoring suggested that enhanced Nitrogen and Phosphorus nutrition had a positive effect on all growth variables as availability of both in the soil was limiting. The effect was more pronounced at site of low salinity and in more tolerant S. oleoides and T. aphylla as compared to the other two species. Moreover remedial measures for the xivrevegetation of highly saline patches were experimented with nutritional amendments in combination with surface modification at high salinity site. Incorporation of farmyard manure (FYM) with physical barriers generated the greatest revegetation success in all species and was not only found to be biologically sound but also economically feasible restoration treatment. A total of 705 trees have been successfully established out of that 481, 132, 57 and 35 are of S. oleoides, T. aphylla, P. cineraria and C. decidua, respectively. After initial fertilization and two years of supplemental irrigation the plants are now not required to be nurtured. Three out of four tree species have started producing seeds and many trees are now acting as nurse plants and are facilitating the establishment of other species under them. With the arrival of avian dispersers natural recruitment can now be seen at many places. Ecosystem function parameters are indicating that this restored area is on a trajectory towards a self-sustaining ecosystem. Recommendations derived from this study have been incorporated in the site management plan and have been successfully implemented for the rehabilitation of adjacent area. With the accumulation of both above and below-ground biomass as well as litter and other woody debris this juvenile forest is now sequestering carbon and is contributing towards building viable populations of thorn forest species at Harappa archaeological site. The populations of both S. oleoides and T. aphylla have now attained a safe number while increasing the number of individuals of P. cineraria by reclaiming more area and initiation of seed formation in this species will also assure its population viability.