غزل۔۔۔۔۔۔۔ اجمل اعجاز
بنا بولے ہوئے گفتار کرنا
سکوں دیتا ہے روٹھے کو منانا
جگایا ہے کسی غفلت زدہ کو
کیا مفلس مری دریا دلی نے
جہاں پاؤں رکھو، روشن زمیں ہو
تری باتیں رلائیں خوں کے آنسو
محبت کا صلہ اجرت نہیں ہے
اسے کہتے ہیں آنکھیں چار کرنا
منا کر پھر اسی کو پیار کرنا
غلط ہے کیوں اسے ہر بار کرنا
مجھے آتا نہیں انکار کرنا
دئے روشن یونہی دلدار کرنا
زباں کو اور کیا تلوار کرنا
مری جاں، ہے یہ کاروبار کرنا
Indonesian national low productivity of salt which is unequal between the need level and salt consumption eventually results in salt import made mainly to meet the industrial needs. The government through the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries has released a Public Salt Business Empowering Program (known as PUGAR/Pemberdayaan Usaha Garam Rakyat). PUGAR is an empowering program focusing on the improvement of job opportunities and welfare for salt farmers/managers to achieve the self-sufficiency of salt for consumptions and industries. This research aims at examining the influence of salt business empowering program on the salt farmers’ income improvement in Kedungmalang village of Jepara Regency; the implementation level of salt business empowering program in Kedungmutih Village of Demak Regency when compared to that in Kedungmalang Village of Jepara Regency; and the influence of salt business empowering program on the salt farmers’ income improvement in Kedungmutih village of Demak regency. The research was conducted using a descriptive method with a case study approach. The program implementation was quantitatively analyzed. Furthermore, the effectiveness of PUGAR on income was analyzed using T-test. The test result showed that there were income differences in Kedungmutih and Kedungmalang Village before and after the implementation of PUGAR. This finding showed that PUGAR was proven as an effective program to improve the salt farmers’ welfare through income improvement.
Modeling of high strength and wear resistance aluminum alloy based casting of composite material developed via conventional foundry method which is one of the most economical versatile and active research area and so for has not been thoroughly investigated. Due to complex nature of the composite materials and their related problems such as the nonlinear relationship between composition, processing parameters, heat treatment with the strength and abrasive wear, resistance can more efficiently be modeled by artificial neural networks. The artificial neural networks modeling requires sufficient data concerned with chemical composition , processing parameters and the resulting mechanical properties which were not available for such type of modeling. Therefore, a wide range of experimental work was conducted for the development of aluminum composites using conventional foundry method. Alloy containing Cu-Mg- Zn as matrix and reinforced with 1- 15 % Al 2 O 3 particles were prepared using stir casting method. The molten alloys composites were cast in metal mold. More than eighty standard samples were prepared for tensile tests and sixty samples were given solution treatment at 580 0 C for 1⁄2 hour and tempered at 120 0 C for 24 hours. Various characterization techniques apparatus such as X-ray Spectrometer, Scanning Electron Microscope, Optical Metallurgical Microscope, Universal Tensile Testing Machine, Vickers Hardness and Abrasive Wear Testing Machine were used to investigate the chemical composition, microstructural features, density, tensile strength, ductility (elongation), hardness and abrasive wear resistance. xixThese investigations including the material development and characterization were used for data generations as needed for modeling of high strength and abrasive wear résistance aluminum cast composites. For modeling purpose a multilayer perceptron (MLP) feedforward was developed and back propagation learning algorithm was used for training, testing and validation of the model. The modeling results shows that an architecture of 14 inputs with 9 hidden neurons and 4 outputs which include the tensile strength, elongation, hardness and abrasive wear resistance gives reasonably accurate results with an error within the range of 2-7 % in training, testing and validation. The modeling results shows that an alloy contents 2-3 % Cu, 2-3 % Mg, 3-5 % Zn reinforced with 10 % Al 2 O 3 can successfully be developed for highest strength (297 MPa) and highest abrasive wear résistance (0.4 gm weight loss /15 minutes using stir casting method. The modeling results also suggest that it is possible to develop the highest strength 466 MPa tensile strength and highest abrasive wear resistance aluminum alloy based casting composite materials having the matrix composition of 6 % Si, 2 % Mg with 3 % Zn reinforced with 2-5 % Al 2 O 3 particles.