سبعۃ اَحرف و قراءاتِ قرآنیہ ؛ایک تحقیقی جائزہ A Research Review of Sab‘a Aḥraf and Recitation of the holy Qur’an in different ways

“This Quran has been revealed in seven different ways; so, recite it in the way that is easier for you.” This hadith is Recurrent in meaning. The narrator Imam Abu Ubaid Qasim Bin Salam (R.A) has elucidated its recurrence. Imam Abn-e- Jouzi (R.A) has collected all its ways in a Journal. What is meant by “Seven Words” in this Hadith? It has been a controversial point among the ulemas and scholars. And no doubt, it has been regarded as the most difficult debate of Uloom-ul- Quran. There have been severe controversies in this regard, so far as Allama Ibn-e - Arabi has mentioned thirty-five sayings. Some of them are as following: Some think these are the ways of recitations of seven famous Qaries. Some think that it means all the ways of recitations. But “Seven” does not means the number 07, because in Arabic language, it is used to describe the plenty of something. Qazi Ayyaz from Earleir Ulemas had the same opinion, while in the later period; Shah Wali-Ullah also had the same views. Some think that it means seven dialects of Arab Tribes. Imam Abu Hatim Sajestani (R.A) determined the name of these languages. They are Quraish, Hazial, Teem, Al-Rubab, Azd, Rabbia, Hawazan, and Saad bin Abi-Bakar. Hafiz Abn-e- Jareer Tibri (R.A) agreed to this school of thought. The fourth famous saying is that of Imam Tehavi (R.A.) he says that although he Holy Quran has been revealed in the dialect of Quraish. But it was difficult for the people of other tribes, which came of different areas of Arab. That is why, in the beginning, they were permitted to recite the Holy Quran in their local languages, and the words or ways were determined by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H) himself. Later, it was prohibited. There remained only the one way of recitation in which the holy Quran was revealed. HAzrat Sufian bin Aiena (R.A), Abn-e-Wahab (R.A) and Hafiz Ibn-e- Abdul Bar (R.A) agreed to this opinion. Famous interpreter Allama Nizamul Din Nishapori (R.A) says that it means the following differences in the recitation. Differences between Singular and Plurals Differences between Muscular and Feminine Differences of the causes of Araabs          Differences of Morphology (Formation of Words) Differences of syntax (Sentence Structure)           Differences of the ways which changes words Differences of dialects Allama Abn-e- Qutaiba, (R.A), Imam Razi Qazi (R.A) and Abu Bakar(R.A) and Abn-e Aljuzri (R.A) also adopted this saying of Allama Nisahpuri.(R.A).

Transient Non-Thermal Mobility in Surface Subsurface Hetrogeneous Catalytic Reaction: Computer Simulation

To study the effect of transient non-thermal mobility in surface-subsurface heterogeneous catalytic reaction, simulation work has been done for CO-O 2 and CO- NO catalytic reaction on different surfaces. One class of transient non-thermal mobility of species includes Ely-Rideal (ER) mechanism. The first simple lattice gas model was introduced by Ziff, Gulari and Barshad, as a computer simulation model and is known as the ZGB model, which was used to study CO- O 2 reaction system. It has been found through simulation that ER mechanism generates features in the ZGB model that brings it closer to the real system. The Consideration of ER mechanism annihilates second order phase transition of the ZGB model and the reaction rate begins to increase as soon as feed concentration CO departs from zero, which is consistent with the experimental results. The other class of transient non-thermal mobility is precursor mechanism. This mechanism adds some additional features in the phase diagram of a particular catalytic reaction, which could not be observed by considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. In the precursor mechanism, three different ranges of the surface environment have been investigated. Each environment consists of specific pattern for set of sites around the striking site. It is observed that the reactive window depends on the mobility of the precursors. It is also observed that when the probability of the precursor is increased, the production rates increases. Furthermore, the simulation is also performed to investigate the effect of diffusion of CO on the ZGB model. It has been found that the effect of diffusion of CO on the ZGB model is to increase the mobility of CO on the surface and hence the reaction rate increases with the result that the transition point y 2 shifts towards higher concentration of CO. However, the effect of diffusion of CO has no effect on the second order phase transition point y 1. The effect of diffusion of CO and N (atom) for CO-NO catalytic reaction has also been studied on BCC lattice. The effect of diffusion of CO and N on the production rates is found in the high concentration of CO. This mechanism is found responsible for slight increase in the window width where the concentration of CO is high. Through these models some experimental results have been reproduced of the real system.