سر الزڈ برڈ
سرالزڈ برڈ، جو ایک خاص دوا، ’’بروس کسٹدرڈ پوڈر‘‘ کے کارخانہ کے مالک تھے، چند ماہ ہوئے، انہوں نے وفات پائی، تو معلوم ہوا، انہوں نے محض اشتہارات کے بل پر جو دولت کمائی، اس کی آمدنی سے ۶۵۳۶۵۶ پونڈ کی قیمت کی مستقل جائداد چھوڑ گئے ہیں! چند اور مشہور مشترین کی دولت کے اعداد ذیل سے، مغرب میں اشتہار کی قوت زرخیزی کا اندازہ ہوگا۔
لارڈ برٹن (تاجر شراب) ۰۰۰،۰۰۰،۷ پونڈ
سرفریڈرک وِلس (تاجر تمباکو) ۱۱۴،۹۱۸،۲ =
مسٹر پیٹرر انیسن (مالک کارخانۂ خیاطی) ۶۶۱،۱۱۹،۱ =
مسٹر ولیم دہائیلی (مالک بساط خانہ) ۸۲۵،۴۵۲،۱ =
سرہزی ٹیٹ (تاجر شکر) ۵۶۵،۲۶۳،۱ =
مسٹر جی فلفرڈ (مالک دواخانہ) ۰۰۰،۳۱۱،۱ =
مسٹر لینڈلی میپل (مالک کارخانہ فرنیچر) ۲۹۲،۱۵۸،۲ =
مسٹر چارلس لی (چٹنی فروش) ۱۳۷،۰۷۰،۱ =
مسٹر سی، پوٹ (دوا فروش) ۴۲۳،۲۹۴،۴ =
مسٹر اینو (مالک کارخانہ نمک ہاضم) ۶۰۷،۶۱۱،۱ =
مسٹر ہینز (چٹنی و اچار فروش) ۰۰۰،۲۲،۱۱ = (ڈبلی میل)
(جون ۱۹۲۲ء)
Islam being a complete code of life encompasses all aspects of a person’s personal and social life. Islam considers those as Muslims who submit to the will of Allah Almighty in all aspects of life. Islam is not merely a matter of private life and its worship system is not restricted only to a set of rituals, but has pervasive social consequences and develops a strong sense of moral society based on system of rules around center of universal concept of justice. Therefore, Islam proposed institutions with relation to justice, governance, cooperation and solidarity for achieving high economic growth and development. Achievement of development and growth of economy is fast in a society or country if it has developed human capital (human resource). Human capital is developed when education is imparted and facilities of health and sound life are provided to human beings. According to Islamic principles, if human beings cannot afford proper education in the society (or other facilities such as health care) then those who are well off endow their properties in Zakat, Awqaf (plural of waqf) and Charities for their better development and nourishment. These properties when endowed as Awqaf are deployed for propagation of education (knowledge, skills, training etc.) by establishing Madrassas (schools, maktabs, colleges, universities etc.) libraries, translating books, and conducting research. In Islamic society there were many Awqaf founded for establishing Madrassas. This paper is dedicated to discuss the development of human capital through education funded by Islamic Awqaf by reviewing literature.
Political and sociocultural factors in language loss: A study of language shift in North Pakistan When a language dies, a whole history often dies with it. The phenomenon is worthy of the closest study possible. There is always a feeling of regret with the passing of languages, yet the processes of change must also be recognized and understood. There is a complex web of political, social, economic and cultural factors responsible for the phenomenon. North Pakistan is a land of geographic and ethnic diversity, one of the most multilingual places on earth. This study is designed to investigate the political and sociological causes of language loss in general. It is a study of language shift in North Pakistan. For this study three dying languages of Northern Pakistan were selected, Palula spoken in Kalcutuk, Yadgha spoken in Lutkoh valley and Domaki spoken in Mominabad, Hunza. Information was collected through observations, interviews, questionnaires, wordlists and texts for transcription. Data collected through these tools were then statistically analyzed and discussed. It was found out that the political and sociocultural causes for language loss were not the same for all the languages; they varied from language to language. Therefore it was concluded that the causes of language loss fall into both general and specific categories. General causes of language loss are usually the same for all languages, irrespective of geographic boundaries and linguistic variables, but specific causes of language loss are different for different languages according to their social, geographic and linguistic features.