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Prevalence of Acquired Carbapenamases Among Gram Negative Bacteria Causing Neonatal Sepsis

Thesis Info

Author

Flora Farrukh

Department

Department of Microbiology, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

75

Subject

Microbiology

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M. Phil BIO 3801

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676716024769

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کہتے ہیں جب سقراط کو زہر کا پیالہ دیا گیا اور اس نے مسکراتے ہوئے اسے اپنے ہو نٹوں سے لگاناچاہا تو اس کے ایک شاگرد نے زار قطار روتے ہوئے کہا ’’استاد مجھے افسوس ہے کہ آپ بے گناہ مارے جائیں گے‘‘سقراط نے زہر کے پیالے کو ذرا اور مضبوطی سے پکڑتے ہوئے کہا میں بے گناہ ضرور مارا جائوں گا لیکن میری یہ بے گناہی مجھے تاریخ میں ہمیشہ زندہ رکھے گی ۔تم اپنا مشن جا ری رکھنا ‘‘حقیقت بھی یہی ہے کہ ابدی زندگی انہی کو نصیب ہو تی ہے جو بے گناہ مارے گئے یا جو کسی عظیم مقصد کی خاطر اپنے نظریے کی صداقت کا پرچم بلند رکھتے ہوئے اپنے خالقِ حقیقی سے جا ملے ،
یہ تاریخ کا فیصلہ ہے کہ آزاد منش لوگوں نے اپنی آزادی کے لیے ہمیشہ رسم دار کو زندہ رکھا ۔ہر زمانے میں کوئی نہ کوئی منصور ضرور پیدا ہو اجس نے اپنے عہدِ وفا کو نبھانے کے لیے اس رسم کو زندہ رکھنے کے لیے یہ علان کیا کہ :
ہم ہیں منصور اس زمانے کے
ہم سے ہی رسمِ دار زندہ ہے
انسانی تاریخ کا جائزہ لیا جائے تو یہ بات واضح ہو جاتی ہے کہ ہنسی خوشی زندگی قربان کرنے کا جذبہ اور سر فروشی کی رسم کے پس منظر میں دو محرکات بہت نمایاں رہے ایک تو مذہب اور دوسرا سیاسی فلسفہ ۔ انسانی وقار اور تقدیس کو زندہ رکھنے والی سوچ اور فکر کی آزادی ضمیر کی آواز کی سر بلندی کے لیے جن لو گوں نے کسی سیاسی پلیٹ فارم پر جد وجہد کی انسانی قدرو ں کی پاسداری اور حقیقی جمہوری معاشرے کے لیے جدو جہد کی بلا شبہ تاریخ انسانی میں ان کا نام ہمیشہ زندہ رہے گا ۔
سر فروشی کے اس قبیلے...

Association of Serum Ferritin with Risk of Anemia in Non-Diabetic Adolescents with Family History of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Background: Controversy occurs in the relationship between serum ferritin levels, insulin resistance and risk of developing anemia in adolescents with family history of diabetes. Aims & Objectives: This study was designed to find out the association between serum ferritin levels with risk of developing anemia in non-diabetic adolescents with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials & Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional was conducted in a local medical institute of Lahore. Study included 50 non-diabetic, non-obese male / female adolescent with family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and 50 healthy male/female non-obese adolescents without family history of T2DM considered as controls. Level of serum ferritin and serum insulin was estimated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Blood glucose was estimated by auto-analyzer. Insulin resistance was calculated by HOMA-IR index and beta cell function was assessed by HOMA- beta index. Results: Levels of fasting blood sugar, insulin resistance were found to be increased with decreased level of serum ferritin and decrease beta cell function in both male as well as female cases as compared to controls. Negative correlation was found between serum ferritin and insulin resistance while a positive correlation was found between serum ferritin and beta cell function. Conclusions: Low level of serum ferritin is associated with reduced beta cell function and increased insulin resistance. This may increase the risk of developing iron deficiency anemia that can affect both immune system as well as increase susceptibility to infections.

Bio-Ecology and Management of Cotton Bollworm, Helicoverpa Armigera Lepidoptera: Noctuidae

Studies were carried out to evaluate the seasonal incidence of population of Helicoverpa armigera, Chrysoperla carnea and parasitism of H. armigera by Habrobracon hebetor in three districts, i.e. Faisalabad, Multan and Rahim Yaar Khan, temperature dependent biological parameters, drought influence on H. armigera along its natural enemies [C. carnea (Stephens) and H. hebetor (Say)] and development of IPM module against H. armigera in cotton agro-ecosystem. The maximum population of adults and larvae of H. armigera recorded during the month of August was 4.10 per trap and 0.52 per plant, respectively. The lowest population was recorded in October, with values of 0.87 adults per trap and 0.12 larvae per plant. Population of C. carnea was highest (0.90 per plant) in September and the lowest number (0.21 per plant) was recorded in July. Similarly, parasitism rates were highest (33.7%) and lowest (04.87%) in September and July, respectively. Adults and larvae of H. armigera were highest in R.Y. Khan i.e. 3.48 and 0.44 per plant, respectively. In contrast, C. carnea population was highest (0.72 per plant) in Faisalabad which was followed by Multan (0.55 per plant) and R.Y. Khan (0.38 per plant). Parasitism was also high in the district Faisalabad (13.39%) followed by Multan (6.36%) and R. Y. Khan (6.23%). Adults and larvae were positively correlated with temperature and r values were calculated at 0.5818 and 0.5240, respectively. Population of C. carnea was negatively correlated with temperature with an r value of -0.5546. Similarly, the parasitism of H. armigera by H. hebetor was negatively correlated with temperature (r= -0.5768). Higher temperatures decreased the duration of development and also decreased the reproductive capacity of H. armigera, C. carnea and H. hebetor. Degree days for developmental period for H. armigera, C. carnea and H. hebetor were 250, 166.67 and 71.43, respectively. The drought caused significant detrimental effects on population of H. armigera and parasitism by H. hebetor. In contrast, C. carnea population was not significantly (F= 2.01, DF= 4 and P>0.05) affected by drought. The maximum yield was recorded 1639.52 kg/ha (16.0 kg/plot) in T15 [T1 (spray of Spinosad) + T2 (spray of neem seed kernel extract) + T3 (release of C. carnea) + T4 (release of H. hebetor)] which was followed by T12 [T1 (spray of Spinosad) + T2 (spray of neem seed kernel extract) + T4 (releases of H. hebetor)] and T13 [T1 (spray of Spinosad) + T3 (release of C. carnea) + T4 (release of H. hebeor)] with values of 1475.568 and 1332.11 kg/ha, respectively. T1 (spray of Spinosad), T5 [(spray of Spinosad) + (spray of neem seed kernel extract)] and T15 proved the most economical pest management modules exhibiting CBR 1:6 followed by T7 [(sprays of Spinosad) + (releases of H. hebetor)] and T12 [(spray of Spinosad) + (spray of neem seed kernel extract) + (releases of H. hebetor)] which explained a CBR of 1:5.5 approximately.