سید سجاد حیدریلدرم مرحوم
۱۲؍ اپریل ۱۹۴۳ء کی رات کو سید سجاد حیدر مرحوم نے جو ادب کی دنیا میں یلدرم کے نام سے مشہور تھے، قلب کے عارضہ سے دفعتہ وفات پائی، یہ علی گڑھ کالج کے پرانے تعلیم یافتوں میں اور اسی تعلق سے کالج کے ان چند طالب علموں میں تھے جنہوں نے مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے درس اور صحبت سے شعر و ادب کا ذوق حاصل کیا تھا، مرحوم مولانا کے درس کے اس قسم کے واقعات کو مزے لے لے کر بیان کیا کرتے تھے، ان کا اصل وطن نہٹور (یوپی) میں تھا، ۱۹۰۱ء میں بی، اے کی سند پاکر تعلیم سے فراغت پائی۔
ہماری زبان میں اس وقت ادب لطیف کا جو رواج ہے، اس کے پرانے لکھنے والوں میں سب سے پہلا نام سید حیدر مرحوم کا ہے اور چونکہ قادر مطلق کو ان سے یہ کام لینا تھا، اس لئے ان کی زندگی میں اس کا مناسب سامان بھی پیدا کردیا یعنی یہ کہ کالج کے زمانہ ہی میں ان کو ترکی پڑھنے کا خیال ہوا، علی گڑھ میں نواب محمد اسمٰعیل خان صاحب رئیس علی گڑھ کے والد بزرگوار ہجرت کرکے مکہ معظمہ چلے گئے تھے، وہیں نواب محمد اسمٰعیل خاں صاحب کی تعلیم و تربیت ہوئی، اس زمانہ میں ترکی وہاں کی سرکاری زبان تھی، اس لئے ان کو ترکی بھی پڑھائی گئی اور جب وہ ہندوستان آئے تو وہ ترکی ادب کے گویا نمائندہ ہوکر آئے، چنانچہ سرسید کے ’’تماشائے عبرت‘‘ میں وہ اسی ہیئت سے اسٹیج پر آئے ہیں اور معارف علی گڑھ میں جس کے وہ شریک ایڈیٹر تھے، وہی ترکی ادب کی اشاعت کا ذریعہ بنے۔
بہرحال سجاد حیدر مرحوم نے انہی سے ترکی زبان سیکھی اور اس کا یہ فائدہ ان کو پہنچا کہ سرکار انگریزی نے ان کو علی گڑھ...
Nine articles have been analyzed containing research results on misconceptions about isomerism. Analysis was conducted to examine the potential to causes emergence of the misconception. The analysis result are expected to be useful for teachers in learning for the same concepts. At least the teacher can avoid misconceptions that have happened before and innovate to find the right learning strategy. Isomerism can be categorized as a defined concept so that students are expected to be able to use rules for the purpose of classifying objects or events. The analysis showed 31 misconceptions experienced by grade 11 students to prospective chemistry teachers on isomerism concept. Thirty-one misconceptions are classified into three groups based on students' abilities needed to understand the concept of isomerism. The three groups are: (1) understanding the definition and application of rules; (2) spatial understanding; and (3) microscopic understanding. At this time only eleven misunderstandings were discussed, namely misunderstandings whose causes belong to the group (1). As an indicator caused misconception is inability of the sample to classify objects/events based on the attributes or characters indicated by the object/event. To teach a defined concept, it is recommended to use a strategy that contains detailed explanatory definitions and rules, examples and non-examples, and the elaboration process. In order to increase student reasoning, it is recommended to use a isomerism concept logic scheme
Seeds are vulnerable to loss of germination and vigor as well as insect and fugal attack during storage. High seed moisture contents (SMC) accelerates seed deterioration, so maintenance of seed dryness through hermetic packaging (The Dry Chain) may prevent these storage losses. Sun dried seeds of maize, wheat, quinoa, cotton, rice and okra were stored in traditional porous storage bags (paper, woven polypropylene, jute and cloth) and hermetic plastic bags (Super Bags) for 18 months. Seed storage in hermetic bag maintained high seed germination by preserving high starch, protein, total soluble sugar contents and α-amylase activity and low reducing sugars, seed leachate’s electrical conductivity (EC) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in all crop seeds. In second experiment, seeds were dried to 8, 10, 12 and 14% initial seed moisture content (SMC) and were stored in traditional and hermetic bags for 18 months. Seed storage in Super Bag at 8 and 10% initial SMC maintained low seed moisture and higher germination. Moreover, starch, protein, total soluble sugars and α-amylase activity were higher while EC, reducing sugars and MDA contents were low for the seeds stored in Super bag at 8 and 10% initial SMC. Seed moisture adsorption isotherms were also developed for seeds stored in various bags by incubating the seeds at four different levels of RH (60, 70, 80 and 90%) and a nearly straight lines moisture adsorption isotherms were found for all seeds stored in Super bag with a slight increase in seed moisture at higher levels of RH (80 and 90%) while in rest all traditional bags seed moisture increased with increasing RH. In another study, insect and fugal activities and seed deterioration were monitored in maize and wheat seeds stored at 8, 10, 12 and 14% initial SMC by introducing 30 larvae of Khapra beetle (Trogoderma granarium) and 30 adults of lesser grain borer (Rhizopertha dominica) separately into each type of bag. Insect populations were lower in both maize and wheat seeds stored in Super Bags at 8 and 10% SMC, while seeds stored in all other storage bags had very high insect populations irrespective of the initial SMC. Seed storage in Super Bags at 8 and 10% SMC also maintained seed germination percentages and starch and crude protein contents. Malondialdehydes, aflatoxins B1 and G2 were present at higher amounts in seeds at 14% SMC in Super Bags and in all traditional storage bags, while seeds stored in Super Bags at 8 and 10% SMC had lower values of these compounds. In conclusion, insect populations, storage losses and deterioration of seed quality with respect to germination, loss of food reserves and increased aflatoxin contamination were highly related to seed moisture contents. Maintaining the Dry Chain through hermetic storage of seeds in Super bag at 8 and 10% SMC resulted in better storage of crop seeds.