Introduction
In the Indo-Pak sub-continent, Sindh is the first of the zones where the advent of Islām was the earliest. Historically, the scholars here did a great work of intellect and research. In the year 270 A. H/883A. D, due to internal disturbance, so many small states came into being. [1]
Out of these, the state of Manṣūrah was taken over by the Ḥubārī tribe. Muslim ruler ‘Abdallāh bin ‘Umar Ḥubārī of Manṣūrah had sent a scholar to Hindū Rājāh of Alvar on his request who presented the translation of the Qur’ān in his court. This incident narrated by the famous historian Buzurg Bin Shehr Yār has also been endorsed by renowned historians of the sub-continent. [2]But nothing with certainty can be said about the symmetrical order and the dictation of this translation, however, it is certain that the honor of translating the Qur’ān the first of all lies with Sindh. [3]
In the era of Arghaun and Tarkhān, Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A. H/1589A. D) properly translated the Qur’ān in Persian which has become available in secured form despite the varying times. [4]
This translation, with the efforts and research of ‘Allāma Muṣṭafā Qāsmī (d:1424A. H/2003A. D) has been published by Sindh Literary Board Ḥyderābād. This translation was compiled even earlier than the translation of famous researcher Shāh Walī Allāh(d:1176A. H/1762A. D). In this regard, we are justified to opine that in the sub-continent the honor of the first translation in the Persian language also goes to Sindh. In that period, a movement among the Sindhī Scholars emerged that the Islamic literature and art be documented in the mother tongue Sindhī so that a...
This paper attempts to discuss Aristotle’s concept of justice as an ethical solution to political corruption. The goal of this paper is to present corruption as a form of injustice that deprives the majority from a common good. This paper is very important because it provides ethical solution to grand corruption whereby unscrupulous individuals divert funds meant for development of the entire society into private hands. Due to grand corruption the poor masses are deprived of quality basic needs. The paper focuses on corruption as an immoral act through the lens of Aristotle’s ethical and political insights. The virtue of justice in Aristotle’s ethical and political works are spelled out. The methodology used in this paper is analytical and applied. It is analytical because it analyses Aristotle’s understanding of virtue of justice in his moral theory especially in his book entitled Nicomachean Ethics and justice in his political theory. Finally, the paper makes subsequent applications of Aristotle’s virtue of justice in the realm of ethical solutions to the problem of corruption.
Dengue fever is a vector borne infection causing self-limiting to life threatening disease and is a major public health problem in many tropical and subtropical countries across the world including Pakistan. The objectives of this study were to detect and identify the genetic diversity of dengue virus serotypes circulating in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province of Pakistan during 2013-2015. A total of 1,297 suspected cases were registered in four districts of KPK along with their demographic and clinical data were recorded. Blood samples from study subjects were collected and transported to Department of Virology, National Institute of Health Islamabad-Pakistan for confirmation of dengue infection using ELISA and realtime PCR. Samples positive for viral RNA were further subjected to genetic sequencing of E-NS1and C-prM genes. Dengue infection was confirmed in 63% cases on the basis of NS1 ELISA, while 50.4% were seropositive for IgM and 29% for IgG antibodies. On the basis of real-time PCR, 52.3% cases were confirmed to be infected. The total number of positive cases in 2013, 2014 and 2015 remained 64.7%, 65% and 62% respectively based on at least one of the three markers tested for diagnosis of acute dengue infection. Dengue cases were reported more frequently during the monsoon and post-monsoon season largely during the months of September and October. The highest rate of dengue positive cases was found among patients of age group 15-30 years followed by 31-45 years of age (31% and 16% respectively).Fever, body pain and headache were the most common clinical signs recorded in63%,55% and 45% respectively of the confirmed cases. Comparison of four different commonly used diagnostic assays revealed that NS-1 ELISA is more suitable and sensitive test compared to those targeting anti-IgM and anti- IgG. Genetic characterization of dengue virus strains indicated prevalence of all four dengue serotypes in our study population. DENV-3 (48%) and DENV-2 (32%) were xxi found as the dominant serotypes circulating in KPK province while DENV-1 (5.4%) and DENV-4 (0.1%) were comparatively less prevalent during 2013-2015. The genetic characterization based on partial E-NS1 gene and C-prM gene suggested the circulation of DENV-2 (Cosmopolitan genotype), DENV-3 (genotype-III) and DENV-4 (genotype-I) with closest nucleotide and amino acid homologies to the dengue strains already reported from Pakistan. The phylogenetic analysis showed that DENV-2 serotype showed 91.6-92.8% and 83.1-86.1% nucleotide and amino acid homology with reference strains (AF038403, DENV-2 Prototype strain) and DENV-3 serotype showed 94.8-97% and 89.8-91.5% nucleotide and amino acid similarity to prototype strain (M93130, DENV-3 Reference strain). DENV-4 serotype shared close homology 97.9% to the reference strain (AY947539, DENV-4 Prototype). Our findings affirm the prevalence of multiple dengue virus serotypes infecting local populations. It also warrants that the correct and timely diagnosis along with serotype identification would be helpful in prevention of progression of dengue fever to severe forms of dengue haemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. The genetic data from this study highlights that the infection due to DENV-2 and DENV-3 in KPK province may have possibility originated from Karachi and Lahore outbreaks through vector transmission as revealed by phylogenetic analysis. This study thus emphasizes for continuous monitoring and surveillance of dengue cases throughout the country to trigger preparedness and preventive measures early on.