The Role of Values in Social Change: An Analysis from The Qur’ānic Perspective

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

Sensor Less Sensor-L Ess Control of a Permanent Perm Anent Magnet Synchronous Motor Using U Sing Svpwm-Based Svpwm Based Four Four-Switch Switch Three- -Phase Phase Inverter I Nverter

Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) are replacing induction motors because of their better performance in industrial applications. Due to the availability of fast DSP processors now-a-days complex control algorithms can be implemented efficiently. In conventional-drive circuits the six-switch inverter ruled for a long time because of the ease of its control; however, a four-switch inverter provides the cost effective efficient replacement. The dynamic model of a machine provides an insight into the dynamics of its operation and control. A PMSM has been modeled in Matlab Simulink in different frames of references and the model has been validated under different operating conditions. The space-vector algorithm of a six- switch three-phase inverter has been modified for the control of a four-switch three-phase inverter (FSTPI) by establishing the symmetry between the voltage space-vector planes of both inverters. A FSTPI exhibits the current-unbalancing problem because of the unbalanced voltage distribution across the capacitor. The current-unbalancing issue has been resolved by introducing a ‘duty waveform drift’ method. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) have been used to optimize the performance of a four-switch inverter. The detailed modeling of the space-vector technique for both the conventional and four-switch inverters has been presented. A PWM rectifier has been implemented using sinusoidal pulse width modulation and space vector pulse modulation to ensure that the drive maintains unity input power factor. A modified optimized space-vector algorithm, used for the inverter operation, has been introduced in the control of PWM rectifiers to ensure the best computational performance. There exist a number of control techniques for a PMSM: direct-torque control (DTC) and field- oriented control (FOC) have been investigated in detail for the proposed four-switch inverter. The flux, torque, speed and current controller designs for both the DTC and FOC are presented in detail and have been implemented on Texas Instruments’ digital signal processors using Matlab Simulink’ code generation facility. Because of the ANN based modules the designed digital system presents precise and accurate speed, current, flux and torque tracking with four- switch space-vector modulator up to 30-kHz sampling frequency. The ANN has reduced the implementation'' complexity of the speed and position estimator. The initial rotor-position detection has also been incorporated while collecting the data for the training of ANNs. The results have been presented for evaluating the performance of a controller with the proposed four-switch inverter and ANN based estimators.