شیخ محمد مجذوب
یہ خبر سن کر بڑا ملال ہوا کہ عالم عرب کے ایک فاضل اور اچھے اہل قلم استاد شیخ محمد مجذوب جون ۱۹۹۹ء میں وفات پاگئے، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون۔
وہ شام کے رہنے والے تھے۔ مگر ان کی زندگی کا زیادہ حصہ دوسری جگہوں میں بسر ہوا، عرصہ تک جامعہ اسلامیہ مدینہ منورہ میں درس و تدریس کی خدمت پر مامور رہے۔ سبکدوش ہونے کے بعد بھی مدینہ منورہ کے انوار و برکات سے متمتع ہونے کے لیے انہوں نے یہیں قیام پذیر رہنا پسند کیا۔
مجذوب صاحب کی پوری زندگی علم و دین کی خدمت و اشاعت میں گزری، تصنیف و تالیف کا شغل مدۃالعمر جاری رہا، ہندوستان کا سفر بھی کیا اور حضرت مولانا سید ابوالحسن علی ندوی مدظلہ کی دعوت پر ۱۹۸۱ء میں دارالعلوم ندوۃ العلماء کے طلبہ کے سامنے علمی، دینی اور دعوتی موضوعات پر کئی لکچر دیئے۔ دارالمصنفین کی عظمت و شہرت سے واقف تھے اس لیے زحمتِ سفر برداشت کر کے مولانا سعیدالرحمن الاعظمی اڈیٹر البعث الاسلامی کے ہمراہ اعظم گڑھ بھی تشریف لائے اور دو روز قیام کیا۔ کتب خانہ اور دارالمصنفین کے دوسرے شعبے دیکھ کر خوش ہوئے۔
آرام و تفریح کے خیال سے موسم گرما میں شام کے شہر لاذقیہ گئے ہوئے تھے کہ داعی اجل کا پیام آگیا والبقاء ﷲ وحدہ۔ عمر ۹۰ سال رہی ہوگی۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ علم و دین کے اس خادم کی مغفرت فرمائے۔ آمین!! (ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، ستمبر ۱۹۹۹ء)
The Economic system ofIslam is very balanced one. Islam does not deprive a person to take benefit of all halal (permissible) things, while it has banned all illegal means of earning like deceit, corruption, gambling, etc. Among all evils, interest/usury is the worst form of earning and those who are involved in transactions based on it, they have been threatened with hell. While on the other hand, in most banks and other financial institutions, transactions are carried out on the basis ofinterest. This is why Muslim scholars worked out alternative modes based on Islamic financing to replace interest-based transactions. In this article six modes of financing i. e. Musharakah. , Mudharabah, Murabahah, Ijarah, Salam and Istisnah have been discussed. If these Islamic inodes of financing are adopted in banking sector and in otherfinancial institutions, then it is hoped that in a very short span of time elimination ofriba would be possible.
The rational usage of fossil fuels and minimization of greenhouse gas emissions, have been the foremost goals of the automotive research and development activities. The innovation of advanced technologies such as variable valve actuation (VVA), variable compression ratio (VCR) mechanisms, use of over-expansion and downsizing have been promising the minimization of fuel consumption and emission reductions of the spark ignition (SI) engines. The integration of these technologies in the conventional SI engines is an active research area. In automotive applications, most of the time the SI engines have to be operated at part load operating conditions resulting in signi cant increase in part load losses and decrease in the thermal e ciency. These performance degrading aspects arise as a consequence of the throttling e ect as well as declining of the e ective compression ratio. Thus, performance of the SI engines has to be improved at part load operating conditions, so as to lower the transportation fuel consumption. However, to accomplish the aforesaid objectives and vehicle drivability, availability of accurate and simple control-oriented engine model incorporated with innovative technologies and engine robust controllers are the key contributors. Whereas, SI engine models available in the public literature either have not been incorporated with advanced mechanisms or they su er from number of limitations, such as complexity and di culty in analysis and control design. This research frameworks a novel physically motivated control-oriented extended mean value engine model (EMVEM) of the Atkinson cycle engine, wherein the Atkinson cycle, exible VVA, VCR and over-expansion characteristics have been incorporated. For this purpose, an intake valve timing (IVT) parameter along with its constraints is introduced, which has a vital role, in modeling the inclusive dynamics of the system and to deal with engine performance degrading aspects. The proposed model is validated against the experimental data of a VVT engine during the medium and higher engine operating conditions, to ensure that the model has pro ciency, to capture the dynamics of the Atkinson cycle engine and to handle the engine load through an unconventional control strategy. The model encapsulates air dynamics sub-model in which VVA system is uni ed to cope with the engine performance degrading aspects at part load and physics-based rotational dynamics sub-model, wherein Atkinson cycle is utilized for analysis. The control-oriented model is anticipated for systematic analysis, simulations, development of control system and estimation strategies to support and enable novel load control strategies, as well as to improve fuel economy of the Atkinson cycle SI engine used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Besides, a conventional PID control and a robust nonlinear higher order sliding mode (HOSM) control framework for the Atkinson cycle engine with an unconventional exible intake valve load control strategy instead of the throttle is designed and developed. The control frameworks based on the novel EMVEM model are evaluated by using the notion of VCR in the view of fuel economy for the standard NEDC, FUDS, FHDS and US06 driving cycles. The resulting approaches con rm the signi cant decline in engine part load losses and improvement in the thermal e ciency and accordingly, exhibits considerable enhancement in the fuel economy of the VCR Atkinson cycle engine over conventional Otto cycle engine during the medium and higher load operating conditions. This research introduces an alternative control scheme resulting in around 6.7% fuel savings.