Technical Terms Used in General English Textbooks Across Disciplines

The study aimed to analyze lexical items underpinned in the textbooks used in the current teaching of ESP and GE. Using content analysis, a systematic evaluation of texts to examine nuances to bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative data. This was such of importance, however, difficult to study due to issues of interest like in the study, frequency of lexical items in ESP, and GE textbooks. Results found 13,713 lexical items in Hospitality Management, 17,561 in Criminology, 4576 in Tourism, 7167 in Marine Engineering, and 512 in Information Technology. Furthermore, the overall percentage of ESP lexical items fell in Tier 2 (with multiple-meaning while the least was in Tier 3, specifically on context-specific vocabulary. It is the core of vocabulary learning to ensure English language teaching. It is its goal to help learners better understand language, allowing them to understand others as they want to express themselves as well. This applies not only in speaking but also in writing and reading. Wilkins (1972, p. 111-112) stated that without grammar very little understanding can be acquired and without vocabulary there can be no learning at all. Thus, even without good grammar, so long as you equipped with useful words and expression, one can still manage to communicate. Lewis (1993) argued that “lexis is the heart of language” and that it develops a better fluency and expression in English. He also added the significance to the learners of acquiring a more productive vocabulary knowledge, also, their eagerness to develop their own personal vocabulary strategies. Thus, a proposed bridge model program was recommended to highlight the study findings using the lexicons found from the different respective courses.

Determinants of Trade Credit in Pakistan and Role of Financial Development and Credit Information Sharing

Determinants of Trade Credit in Pakistan and the Role of Financial Development and Credit Information Sharing In developing countries, where financial markets and financial institutions are not welldeveloped, the usage of trade credit is high. Pakistan is characterized by a relatively underdeveloped financial system where most of the nonfinancial firms are credit rationed by financial institutions. However, listed manufacturing firms (LMFs) have access to both financial market and financial institutions. The simultaneous use and extension of trade credit by LMFs shows that these firms redistribute credit to their credit constrained customers in Pakistan. The aim of this study is two-fold. First, this study investigates the effects of the financial characteristics of LMFs on trade credit extended and trade credit used by these firms. Second, this study examines the effect of financial development (FD) and credit information sharing (CIS) on the credit redistribution by LMFs in Pakistan. A dynamic panel model (DPM) is estimated by applying the system GMM (one and two-step) estimator to the financial data of 327 manufacturing firms listed on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (formerly known as the Karachi Stock Exchange) for the time period between 2005 and 2015. The results of the study reveal that trade credit extended and trade credit used by LMFs are dynamic and are significantly affected by the financial characteristics of these firms. Trade credit extended by firms is positively related to credit received from suppliers and banks. This finding is consistent with the credit redistribution hypothesis. Furthermore, the simultaneous use of both trade credit and short-term bank credit by LMFs shows that these firms follow the optimal capital structure policy. The findings of the study also show that depth of financial institutions (DFIs) and depth of financial market (DFM) are quasi-moderators and have a buffering effect on the credit redistribution by LMFs. While, lending rate enhances the credit redistribution by LMFs in Pakistan. The findings suggest that credit managers should consider the persistence of their trade credit policies and changes in the financial characteristics of their firms while adjusting the trade credit policies. Furthermore, managers of LMFs should revise their trade credit policies in response to improvements in the level of FD and CIS.