الرّسم العثماني وأثره على المعاني القرآنية

The Holy Qur’an is miraculous in its words, methods, organization, statements, drawings and writing, as cited and agreed by all researchers, we aim through this research to: define the Ottoman drawing in Arabic language, terminologically, demonstrating its benefits, the rule of commitment to it, weighing between sayings, demonstrating its six rules, explaining and discussing the differences between the Quranic words drawings and mentioning several examples. The most important results of this research are: 1- The opinion which comforts one's self is the commitment to Ottoman drawing, and not to be written by modern spelling methods. 2- The Ottoman drawing has multiple benefits and advantages, which are not available in any other, so that it attracts commitment and reservation. 3- It has a very significant concurrence between the drawing and the meaning of the words and verses of Quran. 4- The Qura’nic word drawing strengthens the meaning and gives the full dimensions; achieving the honesty of Allah's saying: "and whose words can be truer than those of Allah?". 5- The letters' contiguity of Quranic word, knowing its characteristics embodies the meaning with the best picture. 6- The miracle of Ottoman drawing is a modern issue that Abdalaziz Ad-Dabbagh calls the most famous and the oldest one who declared this.        The most important recommendations made in this article are: 1- Conducting more researches about the benefits of Ottoman drawing, where it still needs more studies to be conducted, and more thoughts and meditations. 2- The spread of Ottoman drawing commitment culture between Quran teachers and students. 3- Obligating all Quranic associations that adopts Quran writing to write in Ottoman drawing, and prevent any other forms of writing. 4- Obligating all students and researchers to depend on Ottoman drawing through their studies and researches; which establishes a promotion to spread its culture. 5- Guiding the researchers for more studies on this topic, throughout a focused studies and clear scientific plans.

Developing a Hybridized Chicken for Rural Poultry

The present breeding study was planned to cross the various indigenous breeds for developing a hybrid rural breed which can live as a scavenger bird under the harsh rural conditions with improved economic traits. The study was conducted in three independent phases. In first phase, breeds comparison was performed for Desi, Fayoumi and Rhode Island Red chickens. Maximum hatchability was recorded in Fayoumi followed by RIR and Desi. The average day old weight was seemed highest in RIR, intermediate in Desi and lowest in Fayoumi. The poor feed conversion was observed in Desi breed and better feed conversion was recorded in RIR breed. The early age of sexual maturity was recorded in Fayoumi followed by RIR and Desi. The RIR chickens had highest egg production followed by Fayoumi and Desi chickens. The all internal egg quality parameters were significantly higher in RIR than Fayoumi and Desi breeds except shell and yolk thickness. In second phase, the performance of RIR and Fayoumi chickens were examined with their reciprocal crossbred chicks. Higher hatchability was noticed in crossbred chickens than their parents. The average day old weight was highest in RIR and FIRI (Fayoumi male × RIR female) followed by RIFI (RIR male × Fayoumi female) and Fayoumi. The average weight gain and daily feed intake was higher in FIRI chickens than RIFI crossbred chickens. The better FCR and liviliability were observed in both crossbred chickens during growing phase. Morphologically the two crossbred chicken (RIFI and FIRI) showed variation in all characters. The dominant skin colour for both crossbred chickens was white while the egg shell colour was chalky white. The major feather colour in RIFI was brown with xxblack spots, while black & white in FIRI. Shank colour was 100% yellow in RIFI and 100% black in FIRI. The dominant comb type in the whole ecotypes was the single one. The heterotic effects on body weights were significant in both crossbred chickens except at day old and gradually increased to 10.27% at 3 weeks in RIFI and 19.45% at 8 weeks in FIRI and then declined to 5.50% at 4 weeks in RIFI and 8.70% at 9 weeks of age in FIRI. Results for reciprocal crosses in this research study revealed that FIRI had high heterotic percentage at 10 weeks of age to get hybrid vigor in growth traits. These results may helpful for the poultry breeders to cross these two breeds (Fayoumi X RIR). The egg production was highest in FIRI followed by RIFI, RIR and Fayoumi chickens respectively. In conclusion, the crossbred chickens of Fayoumi male and RIR female (FIRI) showed better performance in all traits than crossbred chickens of RIR male and Fayoumi female (RIFI). On the basis of above results, crossbred females of FIRI were retained and mated to the third breed (Whitel Leghorn) for further improvement in production performance in the subsequent trial. In third phase, crossbred chicken with proposed name; Rural Leghorn (RLH) breed was developed by crossing White Leghorn male with FIRI females. The progeny as RLH chickens contain White Leghorn (50%), RIR (25%) and Fayoumi (25%). In this phase, according to research plan, only growth data regarding RLH-G1was also recorded and compared with performance of FIRI, RIFI and RLH breeds. The average day old weight was highest in RLH followed by RLH-G1, FIRI and RIFI. The results showed that RLH and RLH-G1 crossbred chickens had lowest mortality and were shown heavier in weight at 20 weeks of age. The dominant skin colour for the crossbred chicken was white for RLH and xxiRLH-GI while the egg shell colour was light brown in RLH. The major feather colour in RLH was white whereas in RLH- G1 ratio of white and colored birds was 75:25 respectively. Shank colour was 100% yellow in RLH whereas 84% white in RLH-G1. The heterotic effects on body weights were significant in both crossbred chickens except at day old and gradually increased to 8.55% at 7 weeks in RLH and 26.5 in RLH-G1 and then declined to 4.28% at 9 weeks in RLH where as 22.67 in RLH-G1. The highest egg production was found in RLH (72.2%) followed by FIRI (60%), RIFI (54%), RIR (41%) and the Fayoumi chickens (36%). As far as the rate of lay (no. of eggs per hen) is concerned, RLH scored higher (253) than those of FIRI (198), RIFI (178), RIR (141) and Fayoumi (123) chickens. In conclusion, newly evolved RLH chicken gained better body weight than Fayoumi and Desi, moderate than RIR and FIRI chickens with lower mortality. The RLH chicken showed better performance in all egg traits than parents and other crossbred chickens of RIR male and Fayoumi female. The growth performance of RLH- G1chicken was better than reciprocal crosses of RIR and Fayoumi chicken and at par with RLH chicken.