لائبریری کی اہمیّت
ہم نشینی اگر کتاب سے ہو
اس سے بہتر کوئی رفیق نہیں
لائبریری سے مراد کتب خانہ ہے۔ لائبریری کی اہمیت سے مراداس چیز کی اہمیت نہیں کہ اس کی بلڈنگ کا خام مال بہت اچھا ہے، اس کے گردونواح اور مضافات کے باسی بہت اچھے ہیں۔ اس کے افتتاح کرنے والے کا کردار بہت اچھا ہے، اس کو بنانے والے کا کاروبار بہت اچھا ہے، اس حسین وجمیل بلڈنگ کو تعمیر کرنے والا معمار بہت اچھا ہے۔ لائبریری کی اہمیت سے مراد اس کے اندر جو کتب ہیں ان کا مطالعہ کتنی اہمیت کا حامل ہے، اس کے مطالعہ سے نوجوان کو کتنا فائدہ پہنچتا ہے، اس کے مطالعہ سے بوڑھے قاری کو کیا فائدہ پہنچتا ہے۔ اس کا مطالعہ معاشرے پر کیا اثرات مرتّب کرتا ہے۔
لائبریری کا وجود خواہ وہ سکول لائبریری ہو، خواہ وہ پبلک لائبریری ہو ،خواہ وہ ذاتی لائبریری ہو ملک و قوم کی تعمیر و ترقی میں انتہائی ضروری ہے۔ اساتذہ اور طلباء کے لیے کتب خانہ کی کتابوں کا مطالعہ انتہائی ناگزیر ہے، اسا تذہ کونئی تحقیقات سے بہرہ ور ہونے کا موقع میسر آتا ہے اور طلباء بھی اپنی نصابی اور غیر نصابی معلومات میں اضافہ کرتے ہیں۔ چنانچہ ہرتعلیمی ادارے میں معیاری لائبریری کا وجودضروری ہے۔ اس کے بغیر وہ ادارہ ایسا ہے جیسانخلستان چشمے کے بغیر یا ایک گھر پانی کے بغیر ،لائبریری گویا ایک چشمہ ہے جس کے آب زلال سے تشنگانِ علم و دانش اپنی پیاس بجھاتے ہیں۔
تاریخ کی ورق گردانی کریں تو یہ بات روزِ روشن کی طرح عیاں ہوتی ہے کہ مسلمانوں کو کتب بینی و مطالعہ میں ہمیشہ ایک امتیازی مقام حاصل رہا ہے۔ اسلام کے زمانۂ عروج میں مسلمان اُمراء میں لائبریری کا اہم مقابلہ ہوتا تھا۔ جس شخص کے پاس جتنا بڑا کتب خانہ...
After the Prophets of Allah Almighty, the most sacred class of mankind is the class of Prophet Muhammad's Companions. Those are the people who had seen the prophet of Islam with their naked eyes, remained in his companionship and got the heights of knowledge and actions and proved to be a great example of character by attaining the image of Prophet Muhammad's model of excellence. Another class which, like the companions of Prophet (pbuh), deserves such honor is the class of Tabe’en (The followers of the Companions). Tabe'en had contributed a matchless role in the history of Islam regarding religious knowledge and literature. They had also examplary performed in social, economical, political and military services. Due to these great services they are considered the most sacred class of the Ummah after the prophet’companions. There is a list of academic and literary services ahead of the name of each person in this class. And these services are the great testimony to the greatness of these people. The prophet's companions received the religious knowledge directly from the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him), while Tabe'en got it from the companions and then published it in the whole world. The sincere efforts performed by Tabe'en regarding Quran, Hadith, Tafseer and Islamic litrature are of so high level that no one had reached such level of sincerity in the entire history of Islam. The steps that occur after that period, regarding the development of Islamic culture are only the effects of their services. Actually ‘‘Tabe’en’’ is the only class that has spread the social, moral and spritual blessings of Islam throughout the world. That is why, it is not only the Quran that witnesses their greatness but the Prophet (peace be upon him) also praises them.
The possibility of half metallic behavior has been investigated in Co2Mn1-xCrxSi and Co2MnxTi1-xAl thin films prepared by DC magnetron sputtering. Structural, magnetic and transport properties have been studied, particularly with a view to understanding the role of disorder on these properties. The growth conditions for deposition of these films on glass substrate without any additional buffer layer were optimized by using Co 2MnSi as the starting material. Crystallographic order in the films improved with increased substrate temperature and films grown at a temperature of 773K were found to exhibit the ordered L21 structure. Ferromagnetic order in the films also improved with increasing substrate temperature. A saturation magnetization (MS) value of 1061emu/cc, close to the MS value of bulk Co2MnSi, was obtained for the film deposited at 773K. Based on these optimized conditions, thin films of quaternary Co2Mn1-xCrxSi (0≤x≤ 1) Heusler alloy were prepared. High resolution transmission electron microscopy images of films showed granular morphologies, crystalline growth, and an ordered L21 structure in compositions with x≤0.6. For higher Cr concentrations (x>0.6), secondary phases started to appear and crystallinity was lost for x=1 composition. The Co2CrSi composition was found to possess disordered A2 structure and the desired L21 ordered phase was not obtained presumably due to the known instability of the desired phase. Magnetization measurements showed that for x≤0.2 magnetization values followed the Slater-Pauling rule, while for 0.2<x≤0.6 the MS values fell short of the theoretically predicted values. This decrease in saturation magnetization was explained in terms of Co-Cr antisite disorder present in these films. The values of Curie temperature were observed to decrease with increase in Cr concentration. For compositions with x>0.2 the enhancement of the Co-Cr antisite disorder also manifested itself in the decrease in the spin wave stiffness co-efficient and a sign change of the temperature coefficient of resistivity (at x>0.6). A resistivity minimum, observed at low temperatures (in metallic compositions) and the crossover from metallic to semiconducting type resistivity with increasing x were explained as originating mainly in the antisite disorder. These effects were explained in the light of Kaveh and Mott’s model of disorder leading to weak localization. For compositions with x≤0.6, the low temperature resistivity could be explained as arising from electron-electron interactions and due to two magnon scatterings. The latter is considered as an indicator for half metallic ferromagnetism. Both the onset temperatures as well as the temperature range for the half metallic features were observed to decrease with increasing x. In the other quaternary Heusler alloy Co2MnxTi1-xAl (0≤x≤ 1) thin film series all the compositions exhibited B2 type structure due to the effects of antisite disorder. The values of saturation magnetization increased with increasing Mn content in the films and were in general agreement with the values obtained using the Slater-Pauling rule. The general trend of magnetization in these thin films, as noted for others half metals, was describable as that of a Heisenberg ferromagnet at low temperature and an itinerant ferromagnet at higher temperatures. Electrical resistivity as a function of temperature showed a change from a metallic type behavior for x≤0.25 to a semiconducting type for x>0.25. At lower temperatures (T<25K) metallic compositions in this quaternary series also showed the presence of a resistivity minimum. The resistivity behavior above the low T upturn in metallic compositions followed a dependence that was explained in terms of electron-electron scattering and one magnon scattering. The expected half-metallic behavior was not clearly evident in this series, presumably being destroyed by the presence of Co antisite disorder within the B2-type structure, as has been predicted by first principle calculations. Finally, magnetoresistance measurements were performed on various compositions in Co2Mn1-xCrxSi series at temperatures below and above the resistivity minimum and the results were found consistent with the low field transport being strongly affected by spin polarized intergrain tunneling.