بینظیر بھٹو کی سالگرہ پر جیل سے خط
ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کا اپنی بیٹی بینظیر بھٹو کی سالگرہ پر جیل سے خط ۔۔۔بھٹو نے خط میں جن الفاظ کا استعمال کیا سن کر آپ کے آنسو چھلک پڑیں گے ۔جیالے ضرور یہ تاریخی الفاظ سنتے ،اس لیے ہم کہتے ہیں کہ زندہ ہے بھٹو زندہ ہے ۔
’’میری سب سے پیاری بیٹی !اس جیل کی سلاخوں میں تمہیں کیا تحفہ دے سکتا ہوں ۔جن سلاخوں سے میں اپنا ہاتھ باہر نہیں نکال سکتا ۔جو خود بھی نظر بند ہو اور اس کی ماں بھی نظر بند ہو ۔محبت اور ہمدردی کا پیغام ایک قید خانے سے دوسرے قید خانے میں کیسے جائے ؟ایک ہتھکڑی سے دوسری ہتھکڑی تک یہ مبارک باد کیسے پہنچے ؟تمہارے داد نے مجھے فخر کی سیاست سکھائی اور تمہاری دادی نے مجھے غربت کی سیاست کا سبق دیا ۔میں ان دونوں باتوں کو مضبوطی سے تھامے ہوئے ہوں ۔صرف عوام پر یقین رکھو اور ان کی فلاح کے لیے کام کرو اﷲتعالی کی جنت تمہاری والدہ کے قدموں تلے ہے اور سیاست کی جنت عوام کے قدموں تلے ہے ۔
This research paper focuses on socio-economic conditions of home-based working women in Hyderabad Division, of Sindh Pakistan. Main objectives of this research are (i) to analyze the Socio-economic condition of home-based working women (ii) to assess the poverty and home-based work (iii) to find out the illiteracy and home-based work (iv) to investigate the role of handicrafts and home-based work in cultural and economic development (v) to unearth the Sindhi culture of handicrafts in Hyderabad Division. To achieve research objectives qualitative research approach is adopted and data is collected by four case studies in Hyderabad division. All cases are selected randomly and analyzed by using thematic analysis method. Present study concluded that researched area is rich in handicrafts business. Women engaged themselves in home-based work due to poverty, unemployment and poor financial conditions of their families. This business has very low profit but female preferred this work due less skills and education required to carry handicrafts business. Home-based workers felt empowered due to having their own income and took part in decision making. In last it is recommended for policy makers and government agencies to give priority to this business because it has potential. It is necessary for economic development of families, culture and country.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanostructures have enormous application in various fields such as sensors, water splitting, super capacitors and, photovoltaic devices, etc. And they are extensively exploited for number of other energy and environmental applications now-a-days. As, the rapid urbanization and industrialization is polluting both water, air and existing developed technologies do not have adequate potential to overwhelm this environmental dilemma. Photocatalysis based on TiO2 nanostructures have procured significant attention in current era for the complete decomposition of hazardous compounds from water and purification of air due to low cost, thermal stability, chemical stability, huge surface area, non toxicity. This thesis is mainly focused on the use of doped nanostructure titanium dioxide as photocatalyst for environmental application specifically mineralization of dyes (alizarin red S, procion blue MXR, malachite green) and phenol, and photoreduction of carbon dioxide using un-doped and co- doped titanium dioxide nanostructures with anion i.e., sulfur (1 wt%) and transition metal ions (copper, cobalt, ruthenium, iron and chromium with varying the concentration from 1-5 wt %) having excellent chemical and photostability, good crystallite size, homogenous distribution, superior structural properties and excellent surface area and pore volume were synthesized by singe-step sol-gel reaction. The structural and morphological properties of prepared nanostructures were exploited by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS), Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive Spectroscope (FESEM- EDX), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), Raman Spectroscopy, Thermal Analysis (TGA/DSC), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface analysis, Rutherford Back Scattering (RBS) and Fourier Transform Infra Red Spectroscopy (FTIR). The synergetic effect of anion and metal ion doping on titanium dioxide tailored the morphological and bulk superficial properties of the samples. Doping induced structural changes, enhancement of the visible light absorption capability, surface area, stability and photocatalytic activity. However, 5% metal ion co-doped titanium dioxide nanostructures demonstrated efficient band gap, thermal stability, good particle size, higher surface area and remarkably higher photocatalytic activity for photodegradation of dyes and phenol and CO2 photoreduction as compared to un-doped, S-doped and co-doped TiO2 with lower amount of metal ion. The parameters that affect the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanostructure powders for degradation of pollutants, namely concentration of dyes, catalyst loading, pH, irradiation source, and recyclability were optimized. The CO2 reduction and recycling of CO2 into value added products such as methane, methanol, ethanol, etc. was carried out under both UV and visible range and hydrogen was obtained from water in- situ. TiO2 nanostructures were found to be feasible and attractive for CO2 environment management and waste water treatment due to rapidness, cost effectiveness, catalyst inert nature, photostability and competent reusability. Hence, the activity of titanium dioxide nanostructure in visible range suggested that solar energy can be an alternative cost effective light source to resolve the environmental problems in future and this single step process can useful for industries.