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Trends of Polarization in Pakistan

Thesis Info

Author

Haadia Arshad

Department

Deptt. of Economics, QAU.

Program

MSc

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2006

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

67

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Sc ECO/473

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676716106412

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مولانا حفظ الرحمن سیوہاروی

کل من علیھا فان
آہ!کیونکر کہیے! جس کا کھٹکا شروع سے لگا ہوا تھا آخروہی ہو کر رہا۔ آٹھ، نو مہینے کی اس درمیانی مدت میں رہ کر وہ کونسا اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ علاج تھا جس میں کوئی دقیقہ اٹھا کے رکھا گیا نہ ہو۔سیکڑوں ختم بخاری شریف کے ہوئے۔ہزاروں لاکھوں، اﷲ کے نیک بندوں نے دعائے شبانہ کی ۔ اکابر و بزرگان ملت نے غلاف کعبہ پکڑ کرمنتیں مانیں۔ مگر جو مشیت کافیصلہ تھا وہ ہوکر رہا اور۲/اگست کوآخری شب میں ملت اسلامیہ کے ترکش کاخدنگ آخریں،علم وفضل کے خزانہ کاگوہر شب چراغ، درج شرف ومجد کا در تابندہ،اخلاق وفضائل کاپیکر،ملک اورقوم کی دساور کا متاع گرانما یہ اس عالم ناسوت کوخیرآباد کہہ کر ہمیشہ کے لیے جداہوگیااور اور دنیا کوایک ماتم سرابنا گیا۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔عربی کے مشہور شعر میں قیس کی جگہ’’حفظ‘‘رکھ دیجیے تومعلوم ہوگا کہ یہ شعر عرصہ پہلے کسی نے اسی موقع کے لیے کہا تھا:
وماکان حفظ ھلکہ ھلک واحد
ولکنہ بنیان قوم تھدما
مولانا حفظ الرحمن یوں ہونے کو توکیا نہیں تھے۔علوم وفنون اسلامیہ کے بلندپایہ عالم،متصوف،مصنف،ولولہ انگیز خطیب اورمقرر،جنگ آزادی کے سپہ سالار اور ہیرو، مخلص اوربے لوث خادم ملک وملت سبھی کچھ تھے۔ مگر ملک کی آزادی کے بعد اُنھوں نے جو رول ادا کیاہے اُس کی تاریخ اس قدر شاندار ہے کہ اس میں کوئی ایک شخص بھی اُن کاحریف وسہیم نہیں ہوسکتا۔بے لوث اورجانبازانہ خدمت کی وجہ سے اُن کے قومی کارناموں کاریکارڈ اس درجہ بے داغ تھا کہ اُن کابڑے سے بڑا مخالف بھی اس پرحرف گیری نہیں کرسکتا تھا۔اس کے علاوہ صاف دماغی اورمعاملہ فہمی کایہ عالم تھا کہ اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ تعلیم یافتہ حضرات اور بلندپایہ ارباب سیاست کے مجمع میں بیٹھتے تھے اوراُن سے اپنی بات منواکر اُٹھتے تھے۔ پھر حق گوئی اورجرأت کی یہ شان کہ جس چیز کوحق سمجھا اسے برملا...

غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِ نبویﷺ و خلفائے راشدین کی روشنی میں

غیر مسلموں کے حقوق  اور انسانی جان کی حرمت : عہدِنبویﷺو خلفائےراشدین کی روشنی میں Islam guarantees the protection of life, property, honour, and dignity of all the members of society, regardless of their religion, colour, race or ethnicity. Sanctity of human life is the fundamental issue and Islam emphasized on it the most. Holy Quran declared the murder of a single person as the killing of all humanity. Islam always secured the rights of non-Muslims. Protecting the lives, dignity and property of non-Muslim living in an Islamic state is a duty of a Muslims in general and the Islamic State in particular. The manner in which the rights of non-Muslims were protected in the era of the Prophet (S.A.W) and the era of the Rightly Guided Caliphs is unprecedented. The Prophet (S.A.W) gave this protection constitutional and legal status through his teachings and practice. Our Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) declared that “The one who killed any Dhmmī would not get the fragrance of Paradise though its fragrance can be sensed at a distance of forty years journey”. In the era of the righteous caliphs, the rights of non-Muslims were also safeguarded. This article is a description of the rights of non-Muslims with reference to the sanctity of human life in Islam. It also throws light on the unique teachings of Islam regarding the fundamental rights of minorities in the period of the Prophet and the Rightly Guided Caliphs. A descriptive and analytical research methodology will be used in this research to obtain results and recommendations. The expected results and recommendations of the study will guide the Muslims and non-Muslims to harmonize the social set up around the globe.

Synthesis, Structural Elucidation, Biocidal and Preliminary Dna Interaction Studies of Organotin Iv Complexes With [O, O] and [O, N, O] Donor Ligands

In the present study, thirteen novel [O,O] and [O,N,O] potential donor ligands were synthesized by reaction of salicylaldehyde and substituted salicylaldehyde with tranexamic acid, hydrazides and dihydrazides in ethanol. The di- and triorganotin(IV) derivatives of these compounds have also been obtained in good yields by refluxing the compound or its sodium/triethylammonium salt and the respective organotin(IV) chlorides/oxides/dihydroxidechloride in dry toluene for 8-10 hours. The ligands were 4-((5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (H2La) 4-((1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylideneamino)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (H2Lb), 4-((1-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylideneamino)methyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (H2Lc), N′-(2-hydroxybenzylidene)formohydrazide (H2Ld), N′-(5-bromo-2- hydroxybenzylidene)formohydrazide (H2Le), N′-(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylid- f ene)formohydrazide (H2L ), N′-(4-(diethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)formohyd- razide (H2Lg), N′-(2-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)methylene)formohydrazide (H2Lh), N′- (1-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene)formohydrazide (H2Li), N′-(2-hydroxyben- zylidene)-4-tert-butylbenzohydrazide (H2Lj), N1′, N6′-bis(2-hydroxyben-zylidene)- adipohydrazide (H4Lk), N1′, N6′-bis(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)adipohydrazide (H4Ll), N1′, N6′-bis(2-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzylidene)adipohydrazide (H4Lm) and N1′, N4′-bis(2-hydroxybenzylidene)succinohydrazide (H4Ln). A variety of spectroscopic techniques like FT-IR, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (1H, 13 C and 119 Sn) and mass spectrometry were used to ascertain the structure, coordination mode of ligands and geometry of tin in the synthesized complexes. The solid state structures were also studied by performing single crystal X-ray analyses. The results revealed that in case of [O,O] donor ligands, the coordination to the tin atom is through the COO moiety. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives demonstrate trigonal bipyramidal geometry in the solid and tetrahedral in the solution state with few exceptions. All diorganotin(IV) derivatives with [O,N,O] donor ligands retain their geometry as trigonal bipyramid in solid as well as in solution. The complexes were screened for cytotoxicity, antifungal, antibacterial, antiurease, and leishmanicidal activities. The triorganotin(IV) derivatives of [O,O] donor ligands and dibutyl(IV) complexes in case of [O,N,O] donor ligands exhibit iii reasonable biocidal activities. Most complexes were more active than the corresponding free ligands. The interaction of R2SnLd (R = −CH3, n−C4H9, and −C6H5) with DNA were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The diffusion coefficient of the free and DNA bound complexes were determined by the Randles-Sevcik equation. The positive peak potential shift in CV suggests an intercalative mode of interaction for these complexes with DNA. The CV results revealed the following decreasing order of binding strengths: (C4H9)2SnLd (1.69 x 104) > (C6H5)2SnLd (1.10 x 104) > (CH3)2SnLd (9.61 x 103) M-1. The results are also supported by the UV-Vis spectroscopic data. The negative values of ∆G indicate the spontaneous nature of this interaction.