The Incident of September 11 (2001) & its Socio Political Implications on Pakistan

Abstract The paper identifies major changes in educational policies in Pakistan after the incident of September 11. It hoards the facts on the attack of September 11(2001) that had no direct link with Pakistan, but has changed the spectrum of regional policies and shifted the traditional way of learning with west-led agenda on the name of international standards. The study indicates major changes and shifts in the education policies and national curriculum as well as amendments in legal framework and laws including 18th Constitutional Amendment of 2010 and Article-25A of the Constitution of Pakistan. The struggle for uniform education system by various political and military governments throughout the history of Pakistan since independence is also scooped and a comprehensive view is provided on major policy changes and its impacts on education system in Pakistan. The research is based on analysis of primary and secondary sources of information. It is a mix of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Pakistan as a State still is in the list of developing countries and struggling with internal and external problems and their effects caused hurdles in the process of development and reforms in various sectors including education. Security remained one of the major subjects of focus for Pakistan for last many decades along with other administrative matters. The matters including economy, infrastructure development and strengthen democratic system in with democratic or dictator led governments whichever was the case of administration continued tackling with security and terrorism within the state as a top priority issue since 9/11. Pakistan’s investment on education sector remained poor in which resulted lagging behind of the country in all major development indicators. Education remained the core subject that bough up revolution in 21st century and hence has acquired greater importance around the world. After 18th Amendment, the duty of satisfactory spending on education consequently dwells with each province to have the capacity to satisfy Pakistan's national and international duties regarding education. The research encompassed efforts of Pakistan’s administration during various eras on national and international level to meet requirements of international standard education policies.

Multi-Criteria Decision Making Techniques Based on Some Extensions of Fuzzy Set

Multi-criteriadecisionmaking(MCDM)isacommonactivityineverydaylifeandtheobjectiveistoselectthe most feasible alternative from a set of given alternatives with the highest level of satisfaction in the presence of multiple, usually conflicting, criteria. Similarly, there are many real-life complex problems, where we need involve wide domain of knowledge which are beyond a single expert. Therefore, it is usually necessary to allocate more than one expert to decision process from different fields, including the education backgrounds, work experience and knowledge structure. Consequently, the multi-criteria group decision making (MCGDM) is also an important tool to deal with human activities and their problems of daily lives. In this thesis, different MCDM/MCGDM techniques are discussed based on some important extensions of fuzzy set. This thesis is comprised of three stages. In the first stage, the MCDM method called the Characteristic Objects Method (COMET) is extended to solve problems for MCGDM with hesitant fuzzy sets (HFSs) and intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs). It is a completely new idea for solving problems of group decision making (GDM) under uncertainty. In this approach, we use L-R-type generalized fuzzy numbers (GFNs) and triangular intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (TIFNs) to get the degree of hesitancy in the form of hesitant fuzzy elements (HFEs) and the degree of membership and non-membership in the form of intuitionistic fuzzy numbers (IFNs) respectively for an alternative under a certain criterion. Therefore, the classical COMET methodwasadaptedtoworkwithGFNsandTIFNsinGDMproblems. Theproposedextensionsarepresented in detail, along with the necessary background information. The second stage of the thesis is comprised of three parts. In the first part, an outranking method is constructed using hesitant intuitionitic fuzzy linguistic term sets (HIFLTSs) for ranking alternatives in MCGDM problems based on intuitionistic fuzzy support function (IFSF), intuitionistic fuzzy risk function (IFRF),intuitionisticfuzzycredibilityfunction(IFCF)andthenetoutrankingflowindex(NOFI).Inthesecond part, the notion of directional Hausdorff distance between two HIFLTSs has been proposed and used it to formulate ELECTRE-based outranking method in hesitant intuitionistic fuzzy linguistic (HIFL) environment. The linguistic scale functions (LSFs) are used in two methodologies as mentioned above to conduct the transformation mechanism between qualitative information and quantitative data. In the third part, the notions of some distance measures between two HIFLTSs and weighted distance measures between two collections xiv xv of HIFLTSs are proposed and analyzed for discrete and continuous cases, and then used them to rank the alternatives in MCGDM problem. The third stage of the thesis is also comprised of two parts. In the first part, two outranking methods are developed with intuitionistic 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic (I2FL) information and a comparative discussion is conductedtodeterminetheadvantagesoftheproposedmethodovertheother. Inthesecondpart, afuzzyAHP (analytic hierarchy process) methodology for intuitionistic 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic sets (I2FLSs) is proposed and applied to solve MCDM problems. Finally, illustrative numerical examples are provided to elaborate the proposed methods with respect to the support of decision processes. This thesis closes with the conclusion along with some future research directions in this area.