ساغر جعفری
ساغر جعفری(۱۹۱۳ئ۲۰۰۲ئ) کا اصل نام محمد حسین جعفری ہے۔ آپ سیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ ساغر جعفری ایک پختہ گو شاعر تھے۔ ان کا کلام’’ادبِ لطیف‘‘،’’ساقی‘‘،’’رومان‘‘ اور دیگر ملکی سطح کے رسائل و جرائد میں چھپتا رہا۔ساغر جعفری رومانوی تحریک سے وابستہ رہے۔ (۶۴۷) انھوںنے غزل ،نظم،گیت ،قطعہ ،نعت ،منقتبت،مرثیہ ،سلام،ماہیہ ،اور ہائیکو میں طبع آزمائی کی۔ آپ اقبال کی قومی و ملی شاعری سے بہت متاثر تھے۔ قومیت و وطنیت کے حوالے سے اقبال کا رنگ ساغر جعفری کی شاعری میں واضح طورپر نظر آتا ہے۔
’’بہارو نگار‘‘ ساغر جعفری کا پہلا مجموعہ کلام ہے۔ جس کا پہلا ایڈیشن ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے کے صفحات دو سو چوبیس ہیں۔ا س کا پیش لفظ ڈاکٹر وحید قریشی اور تعارف احمد ندیم قاسمی نے لکھا ہے۔ اس مجموعے میں غزلیں ،ہائیکو اور ماہیے شامل ہیں۔ دوسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’برگِ گل‘‘ کے نام سے ۱۹۹۵ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے کے صفحات کی تعداد ایک سو چھہتر ہے۔ اس میں ان کی نظمیں ،غزلیں اور گیت شامل ہیں۔ برگِ گل میں مشاہیر پاکستان بالخصوص قائد اعظم اور اقبال کی خدمات پر انھیں خراجِ عقیدت پیش کیا گیا ہے۔ ان کے علاوہ میرانیس اور مرزا دبیر کے فکری و فنی اثرات کا اظہار بھی ہے۔ اس کتاب کا دیباچہ ڈاکٹر وزیر آغا اور تعارف ظہیر کا شمیری نے لکھا ہے۔
ساغر جعفری کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’دائرے‘‘ ہے۔ جو ۱۹۹۶ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کے صفحات کی تعداد ایک سو چوراسی ہے۔ اس مجموعے میں غزلیں اور قطعات شامل ہیں۔ اس کتاب کا مقدمہ ڈاکٹر انور سدید نے لکھا ہے۔ اس کے قطعات کا بڑا موضوع اخلاقی ،معاشرتی اور سماجی مسائل ہیں۔
’’جامِ مودت‘‘ ساغر کا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۱۹۹۷ء میں شائع ہوا۔ اس کا فلیپ علامہ عقیل ترابی اور محاکمہ پروفیسر سید حسن عسکری...
As all of know that start of the revelation of Holy Qur’ān started with imperative form of the verb as it is ended with like that. This shows that the imperative mood is one of the most magnificent topics of an Arabic language، particularly in the Qur’ān context. According to the opinion of the major scholars، both the commencement and conclusion of the Holy Qur’ān were in the imperative mood. Thereupon، the scholars of Arabic language took a keen interest in study of meanings of the imperative mood whether literal or figurative. From the abovementioned point of view the following article attempts to study the meanings of imperative mood، whether they are literal or figurative، and also it endeavors along with its connotations in the light of what is stated in the Holy Qur’ān and Sunn’āh as well as in the sources of Arabic language، to lead those who recite the Holy Qur’ān to the right way، guide them to the truth and to help them in understanding of the secret meanings of Qur’ān.
Cancer, also known as neoplasia, involves uncontrolled cell proliferation leading to malignant tumor formation. Epithelial cancers (or carcinomas, representing about 80% of all cancers) are a group of cancers originating in the epithelial lining of many locations, such as digestive tract, airways, breast, reproductive tracts and oral cavity. Oral cancer is one of the eight most common types of cancer worldwide. It starts from the upper digestive tract, including the larynx, oral and nasal cavities. Whereas lung cancer is the major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, representing about 26% to 28% per year. Heavy alcohol consumption, betel nut chewing, smoking, viral infections, occupation hazard and exposure to UV radiation are the major risk factors. Tyrosine kinase receptors (TKs), such as EGFR and Lyn are major regulators of cell growth and survival. In cancer cells, such receptors are constitutively activated and lead to malignant phenotype. Blocking of active TKs efficiently stops proliferation and induces apoptosis in oral and lung cancer cells. In the present study, we selected five TKIs (Genistein, Gefitinib, Erlotinib, Dasatinib, and Imatinib) which acts upon EGFR and Src family tyrosine kinases. Imatinib and Dasatinib are non-optimal TKIs for oral and lung carcinomas, and have to be utilized at relatively high concentrations to display inhibition. Our goal was to select therapeutically suitable small molecules, such as resveratrol (a natural polyphenol) and artemisinin along with its derivatives (synthetic endoperoxides) to potentiate the sub-optimal activity of standard TKIs. The objective of our study was to investigate standard TKIs and the possible adjuvant effects of artemisinin derivatives (endoperoxides, EPs) and resveratrol (natural phenol, NP) on highly malignant lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) and laryngeal cancer cells (KCLB-SNU46) of lower malignancy. Optimal combinations of TKIs and EPs/NP that decrease the proliferative capacity of oral and lung cancer cell lines, and increase their apoptosis potential were thus investigated. The techniques employed were flowcytometry, spectrophotometry, SDS-PAGE and western blotting. Out of five TKIs, Imatinib and Dasatinib at higher concentration and on 48 hours incubation affected the oral cancer cell line (KCLBSNU46). However, the lung cancer cell line (NCI-H460) responded to Gefitinib as well as Imatinib and Dasatinib only after 48 hours. Artemisinin itself didn’t show any effect but its endoperoxide derivatives OD59 and OD66 showed potent anticancer activity (with very low IC50) in both cell lines when compared to that of the standard TKIs. Resveratrol showed no effect on oral cancer cells, but lung cancer cells did respond to high resveratrol concentrations. In combination studies, resveratrol and endoperoxides (OD66 and OD67) showed significant synergistic effects when combined with gefitinib and dasatinib at very low concentrations in both the cell lines. Furthermore it was confirmed that these synergistic combinations induced apoptosis by modulating the phosphorylation of the EGFR and Lyn tyrosine kinases. This study conclude that resistance phenomena in cancer cells can be modulated by combining sub-therapeutic doses of standard TKIs with least effective doses of natural and synthetic compounds. This approach can conveniently reduce the dosage as well as the cytotoxic effects of the clinically used TKIs on cancer patients.