استحسان کی اصلیت و ماہیت کے بارے میں مستشرقین کی آراء کا تنقیدی جائزہ

Islamic Fiqh is the representative of legal aspect of Islam. It has been originated and established on direct teachings of Qur’an and Sunnah of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW). These two sources are called primary sources of Islamic law. There are some supplementary sources to the primary sources; Istihsan (Juristic Preference) is one of these. Orinetalist’s studied and produced literature on Islamic law. Istihsan has also been discussed by them but they have different opinions about its origin and its role in Islamic law. In this article their opinions are being critically analyzed and the definition, role and types of Istihsan being presented according to Muslim’s viewpoint. This research concluded that the Goldziher, Joseph Schacht, MicDonald, David Pearl, and Benjamin Jokisch explanations about the establishment of Isti╒san are not correct.

An Investigation of Primary School Teachers’ ‘Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge’ in District Matiari, Sindh

This work purported to investigate the 'technological pedagogical and content knowledge' of public and private primary school teachers in district Matiari, Sindh. Quantitative data were gathered through a cross-sectional survey with a sample of 97 teachers teaching at primary level in district Matiari. TPACK survey instrument by Schmidt et al. (2009) was used after translation into the national nomenclature, i.e., Urdu and the local language of Sindh, i.e., Sindhi to fit the milieu of Sindh. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and MANOVA. The survey discovered that teachers rated themselves higher on TPACK while in the sub domains of TPACK, they received the highest scores in 'Pedagogical Knowledge' (PK). All teachers generally scored lowest in 'Technological Knowledge' (TK) and 'Technological Content Knowledge' (TCK). A comparative analysis was executed between the two groups of the teachers and it was found that teachers from government schools scored more than their counterparts from the private sector. From a gender position, female primary school teachers scored more than their counterparts and female teachers from private school scored higher than their male counterparts as well as teachers from public school.