سرسید علی امام
افسوس ہے کہ گذشتہ ماہ اکتوبر کے خاتمہ پر نئی تعلیم کے ایک بہترین نمونہ کا خاتمہ ہوگیا، سر سید علی امام صوبہ بہار کے مشہور خاندان کے سپوت نے اس عالمِ فانی کو الوداع کہا، مرحوم نے ارادہ کیا تھا کہ وہ امسال سفرِ حج اختیار کریں گے، مگر افسوس کہ اس سفر سے پہلے ان کو سفر آخرت پیش آگیا، مرحوم ایک کامیاب بیرسٹر کے علاوہ ہماری زبان کے مشہور مقرر اور اپنے زمانہ عمل میں اسلامی سیاسیات کی بساط کے نامور مہرہ تھے، وہ یکسر نئی تعلیم، تمدن، اور نئے خیالات کے باوجود اپنے مشرقی علوم و تمدن سے اپنے خاندانی اثر سے بہت کچھ واقف تھے، غالباً ۱۹۰۸ء میں مسلم لیگ منعقدہ امرتسر کی ایک ہی کامیاب صدراتی تقریر تھی، جس نے ان کو مسلمانوں کا سیاسی رہنما بنادیا ہنگامہ کانپور کے وقت میں وہ وائسرائے کی مجلس وزارت کے رکن رکین تھے، اس ہنگامہ کے فرو کرنے اور مسلم یونیورسٹی کی قانونی ترتیب میں غالباً ان کا بڑا حصہ تھا، خدا مغفرت فرمائے۔ ۱ (سید سلیمان ندوی، نومبر ۱۹۳۲ء)
۱ ان کی وفات کے کچھ دن بعد صوبہ بہار اڑیسہ کے سرکاری عربی مدارس کی ترتیب نصاب کے سلسلہ میں رانچی کے سفر کا اتفاق ہوا، شہر سے باہر علی امام کا وہ ناتمام قصر واقع ہے جس کے سربفلک ستونوں، مناروں اور سقف کی زبانِ حال، انسانی آرزوؤں کی ناتمامی کی داستان سنارہی ہے، اس عظیم الشان قصر کا دامن قسم قسم کے نادر درختوں سے بھرا ہے اور ہائے افسوس کہ اس عظیم الشان قصروباغ کے ایک دور افتادہ گوشہ میں اس کے ایک چھپّر کے نیچے اس کا اولوالعزم بانی دوگز مٹی کے فرش پر تنہا پڑا سورہا ہے، زبان نے اس فرش خاک پر سونے والے کے لئے دعائے مغفرت مانگی اور...
Benazir Bhutto happened to be the first constitutionally chosen female leader of any Muslim country in Modern times. She ascended to office amid the legacy of General Zia-ul-Haq’s regime and civil-military bureaucracy that prompted diverse deterrence for her governments and abstained her from the application of her constitutional power. The essence of challenges was mostly political, but the grounds that created these abysses were political and gender partiality. Based on the above discourse, this article attempts to underline the torments confronted by Benazir being the new chapter in our political society. This is the empirical account of Benazir’s twin governments grounded on the views of important politicians who sight and accompanied her in her journey of power. To ponder the reasons that refrained Benazir from having true legal authority the study is divided into the following parts: (1) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the first tenure of her Prime Ministership (1988-90), (2) Challenge and response encountered by Benazir in the second tenure of her Prime Ministership (1993-1996). The PPP government had made some new political strides in general, but it was persistently controlled by the army. In the first government, the brass leadership and opposition and in later government civil-military bureaucracy and opposition impaired the democratic traditions. However, amid all this Benazir succeeded to do some pragmatic politics and defying the anti-PPP mindset.
Science is not a basket of facts and principles. It is an ever-growing, ever-expanding and ever-changing body of knowledge. It provides useful methods of exploring the unknown secrets of nature. Because of its distinctive spirit and nature, science demands the learner to be skeptical and challenge it. For several reasons, in the Pakistani middle school science classroom, the teaching-learning standard is not satisfactory. In the middle schools, the expository method is pre-dominantly used by science teachers. This traditional teaching method emphasizes the practice of transmission of information just to meet the needs of the examination system. It ignores the fact that knowledge often emerges from problems and scientific thinking. Therefore, there is a genuine need that current methods and strategies for science teaching should be reversed or modified and more innovative teaching approaches should be introduced in the middle school science classrooms. In relation to teaching for conceptual understanding of primary, middle and secondary school science content, research literature has come up with a wide variety of teaching techniques, methods and approaches, such as problem solving, discovery, investigation, and inquiry. For this study, one of the innovative teaching methods Inquiry Approach' was selected. The Inquiry Approach is a powerful means of seeking deeper understanding in the scientific concepts and it emphasizes process-oriented classroom activity and provides ample opportunities to the children for realizing the process objective of science teaching and learning. The study focused on the possibilities and limitations associated with the use of the Inquiry Approach in Pakistani middle school science classrooms. The study employed a qualitative mode of research and was carried out in one of the private middle schools located in Karachi with two science teachers of different academic background and experience. Interviews and observations were relied on as major data sources. As a result of the qualitative analysis of the data, the study has come up with some findings related to possibilities and limitations associated with the use of the Inquiry Approach. One of the significant possibilities was the positive response to teaching through an Inquiry Approach. The second possibility worth mentioning possibility was the ability to develop knowledge and skills about using Inquiry Approach in the science classroom.