اعتناء المستشرقين بالواقدي وكتابه المغازي دراسة تحليلية

Muhammad ibn ‘Umr Al-W฀qid฀ is considered to be one of the most famous early Muslim historians. Despite being disputed among the circle of Muhaddith฀n, he was popular among the early Muslim historians. He got recognition and fame as a historian in the 2nd half of 2nd century of Hijrah. In fact, he was an outstanding historian who introduced new trends in writing and composition of historic narratives. The early Muslim historians cited and quoted Al-W฀qid฀ freely where they needed him without any kind of reluctance. It is well to know that western orientalists pay special attention to AlW฀qid฀ and his book "Al-Magh฀z฀ ". Perhaps it is not due to their biasness or impartiality, but for the excellent work of Al-W฀qid฀. In this regard, they think that Al-W฀qid฀ is more accurate and clear in giving details and judgments about historical events than any other early Muslim historian. Al-W฀qid฀ 's dating of historical events is more acute and correct. He owns what he produces and narrates. Moreover, he seems to be sensitive and aware of consequences of what he writes in his book " Al-Magh฀z฀ ", that is why we see him sometime indulging in some issues extra-ordinarily and proving and disproving what he thinks right or wrong by logical (internal and external) criticism. Al-W฀qid฀ explores historical events and tries to know about root causes of their happening and finally analyzes their consequences. These are some special qualities of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work in the eyes of western orientalists. In this article, I have tried to highlight these aspects of Al-W฀qid฀ 's work from the oriental literature.

Role of Moral Disengagement and Dark Triad in Relational Aggression Among Adolescents

The present study has two main objectives. First aim was to develop an indigenous scale to measure moral disengagement among adolescents and the second objective was to find out the predictive relationship among moral disengagement, dark triad and relational aggression among adolescents. Study-I was carried out to develop indigenous scale on moral disengagement among adolescents. The scale of moral disengagement was based on Bandura’s model of moral disengagement.Initially item pool of 90 items was generated by going through literature review based on previous scales developed on Bandura’s model and experts were also consulted to convert different dimensions of moral disengagement into culture relevant behaviors. Item pool of 90 items was turned into 76 items after expert evaluation and pilot testing. For finding highly correlated items in the first and second administration, sample of 284 adolescents between 12 to 19 years of age was selected. Finally, 40 highly correlated items were scrutinized. Factor analysis was carried out on sample of 400 adolescents, selected from different schools and colleges of district Gujrat. Exploratory Factor Analysis resulted into six factors comprising of 26 items (KMO= .8). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the same structure after deletion of two more items with good model fit indices (CFI= .902, CMIN/DF= 1.782, GFI=.923, AGFI= .901, RMSEA= .044) and six subcategories. Sub categories were labeled accordingly. Alpha reliability for full scale was .80 which indicate that scale is highly reliable.Study-II explored the predictive relationship among moral disengagement and dark triad with relational aggression. A sample of 612 adolescent students with age range 12-19 were selected from different educational institute of Gujrat, Pakistan. Newly developed moral disengagement scale for adolescents (MDSA) (Riaz & Bano, 2018), Dark triad personality scale short version (D3-short; Gul-E-Sehar & Fatimah, 2016) and the Urdu version of diverse adolescent relational aggression scale originally developed by Horton (2010) and translated by Riaz (2014) was used to measure relational aggression. The findings of the present study revealed significant predictive relation of moral disengagement [R2 =.327; F (1,607) = 295.362, p<.01], diffusion and displacement of responsibility sub dimension with relational aggression [R2 =.182; F (1, 608) = 135.060, p<.01],advantageous comparison with relational aggression [R2 =.135; F (1, 608) = 94.823-, p<.01],dehumanization with relational aggression [R2 =.199; F (1, 608) = 151.106, p<.01], ,attribution of blame with relational aggression [R2 =.134; F (1, 608) = 94.374, p<.01],moral justification with relational aggression [R2 =.110; F (1, 608) = 75.088, p<.01], and euphemistic labeling with relational aggression [R2 =.054; F (1, 609) = 34.742, p<.01] The current study also revealed significant predictive relation of Machiavellianism with relational aggression [R2 =. 220; F (1, 607) = 171.340, p<.01], narcissism with relational aggression [R2 =.189; F (1, 607) = 141.753, p<.01] and psychopathy with relational aggression [R2 =.265; F (1, 607) = 218.635, p<.01].Multiple regression analysis was carried out to find out the combined effect of moral disengagement and dark triad on relational aggression among adolescents. Findings revealed significant predictive relation of moral disengagement and machiavellianism with relational aggression [R2 =.423; F (2, 604) = 221.483, p<.01], with Moral disengagement and narcissism [R2 =.407; F (2, 604) = 206.882, p<.01], and with moral disengagement and psychopathy [R2 =.393; F (2, 604) = 195.887, p<.01].The present study supported the predictive relationship of moral disengagement and dark triad with relational aggression. These findings may have implication in the future intervention and prevention procedure for adolescents.