دین کامل اور اختلاف: روح المعانی کی روشنی میں ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

The word "Ikhthilaf" refers to such an approach and way of conversation in which one scholar disagrees with another scholar. Islam being a perfect religion bars its followers from developing mutual conflicts. Islam has clearly stated that Muslim Ummah should not have differences on the basis of opinions in vivid injunctions. Such dissension has been placed nowhere in Islam. Disputes may only arise in case of secondary and vague injunctions. In such situations, each jurist considers himself as right. Such divergence, in the secondary issues based on argumentation and within the ambit of Qur’ān and Ḥadith, is not contemptible one but is the source of blessings due to the depth of knowledge of the jurists. Because of such conflicting opinions, jurisprudence and religious injunctions have the power of adaptability in accordance with the demands of the changing times. In the matters of jurisprudence, establishing consensus on the basis of argumentation must not lead to sectarianism, prejudice and hatred. True jurists have tried their level best to protect Muslim Ummah from sectarian disputes. Among such jurists we have Allama Alusī, the author of Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī, as one big contributor. Tafsīr Rūḥ al Ma’ānī is the solid proof of his authentic and deep knowledge. It has a combination of reported sayings and exegesis of consents.

Analysis of Specific Cutting Energy Consumption During Machining of Al 6061-T6 Alloy, Using the Energy Map Approach

There is an increased emphasis on energy efficiency of manufacturing processes owing to their negative impact on environment. Machining is one of the most widely used process in the manufacturing industry and accounts for more than 15% value in the globally manufactured products. Electrical energy consumption is considered as the major source of environmental and economic impact of machining processes. A number of studies can be found in literature that model and optimize energy consumption in machining processes. However, most of these studies employ power and energy as response variables that makes them machine tool specific. Therefore a generalized machine tool independent approach needs to be developed for energy consumption analysis in machining processes. This research addresses this problem by utilizing specific cutting energy as a response variable. Specific cutting energy takes into account cutting power and material removal rate and is independent of machine tool. A novel specific cutting energy map approach has been presented in this research. Al 6061-T6 alloy has been used as the workpiece material owing to its extensive application in automotive, aerospace and other high-tech products. The developed energy maps can represent specific cutting energy consumption in the form of different regions (very high, high, moderate, low and very low) against varying cutting condition. The energy map approach has been applied in conventional, transitional and high speed machining ranges. The formation of specific cutting energy regions has been investigated and it has been shown that these regions are strongly related with mechanics of cutting process in terms of: shear angle, chip ratio, chip formation, and contact length. It has been shown that energy saving up to 52% in machining of Al 6061 alloy can be achieved by selecting appropriate cutting parameters from the developed energy maps. The undeformed chip thickness was observed to be the most influential machining parameter affecting specific cutting energy consumption. The developed energy maps also revealed the presence of an avoidance zone associated with high cutting speeds and low undeformed chip thickness. Built-up edge was observed to be responsible for formation of avoidance zone.