سیدابوالاعلیٰ مودودیؒ ۲۵ ستمبر ۱۹۰۳ء کوحیدرآباد کے شہر اورنگ آباد ( محلی چپلی پورہ) میں پیداہوئے۔ آباؤاجداد کاوطن دہلی تھا ۔لیکن والد حیدرآباد دکن چلے آئے۔[[1]] آپ کاشجرہ نسب سلسلہ چشتیہ سے ملتا ہے۔ آپؒ ننھیال کی طرف سے ترکی الاصل ہیں ۔ددھیال کی طرف سے خواجہ قطب الدین مودودی چشتی کے نام سے منسوب ہوکر مودودی کہلائے ۔اس سلسلے سے ان کانام امام حسین ؓ تک جاپہنچتا ہے ۔آپؒ کی والدہ ماجدہ خواجہ ابومحمدچشتی کی ہمشیرہ اورخواجہ ابواحمد ابدال چشتیؒ کی دختر نیک اختر تھیں ۔[[2]]
مولانا مودودیؒ کے آباؤ اجداد نے نویں صدی میں ہجرت کی اورہندوستان آئے۔ پہلے پہل کرنال کے قریب قصبہ براس میں مقیم ہوئے ،یہ زمانہ سکندر لودھی کاتھا۔وہاں سے مغل بادشاہ شاہ عالم کے زمانے میں دہلی چلے گئے ۔ ان کےخاندان نے خاندان مغلوں کی خدمت کی اورخاص طورپر آخری مغل تاجدار بہادر شاہ ظفر کے دربارمیں بھی رسائی حاصل کی ۔ جنگ آزادی ۱۸۵۷ء کے نتیجہ کے طورپر سلطنت مغلیہ کے زوال کے ساتھ ہی مودودی کے خاندان کی حیثیت کوبھی شدید نقصان پہنچا۔[[3]]
مولانا مودودیؒ کے والدسید احمدحسن تھے جوپیشہ کے اعتبارسے وکیل تھے۔ چونکہ مذہبی گھرانے سے تعلق تھا اس لئے انھوں نے وکالت کاپیشہ ترک کردیا کہ یہ ان کے خیال میں جائز پیشہ نہ تھا ۔مولانا مودودی تیرہ برس کے تھے تووالد پرفالج کاحملہ ہوا اوروہ ۴سال بعد ۱۹۲۰ء میں وفات پاگئے ۔[[4]]
[[1]] اردو انسائیکلوپیڈیا ، فیروزسنز ،لاہور، ۱۸۹۴ء، ص ۹۶۰
[[2]] سلیم منصور، خالدجمیل احمدرانا ،تذکرہ سیدمودودی ،ادارہ معارف اسلامی ، لاہور ،۲۰۰۵ء، ص۷۔
The crime of theft if committed in unavoidable circumstances like extreme hunger or famine, Hadd punishment shall remain suspended. A crime of Zina if committed in a situation where the life of a woman is in danger because of hunger or thirst and she committed Zina to acquire food items or drinking water to save her life, she will be exonerated from the charges of Zina. In the light of Quranic injunctions, the punishment of a slave girl, if she committed Zina, is half as compare to independent women and the punishment for the wives of the Holy Prophet for committing the crime of fawahish or disobedience (Nushuz), is double as compare to other women. 4. Contrary to this principle, if a respectable person committed crimes under Tazir, he deserves lesser punishment or mere admonition in the light of tradition of the Holy Prophet: (Pardon the wrong done by the nobles of the society”.5. For awarding the punishment of Rajm, if the condition of Ihsan is fulfilled, he/she will be killed by stoning. According to Shiah Imamiah, Allama Rasheed Raza and others, when a person who is once married but due to divorce or separation, is living alone or miles away from his wife and not in a position to enjoy her company. If such person committed Zin┐, he or she will not be awarded the punishment of stoning.6. In the light of tradition, it is not allowed to award death punishment except the following three circumstances. Firstly, if a person, being a Mohsan, committed Zina, . Secondly, after accepting Islam, if a person converted to other religion. Thirdly, death punishment can be awarded in retaliation of murder committed
BSCCO ceramic superconductors prepared by powder in tube, solid state reaction and melt quenching methods have been investigated. The aim is to determine the characteristics optimum doping concentration, quenching temperature and quenching medium for BSCCO ceramic superconductors. Studies were carried out on three systems (System I. Bi 1.7 Pb 0.3 Sr 2 Ca 2-x B x Cu 3 O y , System II. Bi 1.6 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 2 M 1 Cu 3 O y , System III. Bi 1.6 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O y . In system I Ag- sheathed BSCCO tapes were prepared by PIT (powder in tube) technique. Samples were prepared by conventional solid state reaction followed by sintering at 850 o C. In system II, Melt quenching method was adopted to prepare BSCCO samples doped with Samarium and Terbium (M=Sm,Tb). In system III, BSCCO samples were prepared by melt quenching method. The synthesized precursors were quenched from 1200 o C, 1250 o C and 1300 o C to room temperature and sandwiched between brass, stainless steel, copper and bronze blocks. Critical temperatures of the samples were determined by resistivity temperature measurements using four probe technique at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Tc values for the samples were in the range (Tc onset ~ 99K – 104K). XRD analyses were done and lattice parameters of the samples were determined by indexing the diffraction peaks. Porosity of the samples was also measured. Surface of the samples was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs at a magnification of X1000. The SEM results indicate that 2223 phase may have been formed and the long grains of this phase might be obtained by quenching at this temperature. The atomic distribution ratio of each component element on the surface of the sample was investigated by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Bulk density of the samples was calculated by liquid immersion method. Density was found to be > 90% of the theoretical density of BSCCO glasses. The samples were thermo analytically analyzed by differential thermal analyses (DTA) and thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Activation energy, reaction rate constant and frequency factor for crystallization were evaluated employing different models. The sample quenched from 1250 o C on brass had the highest value of Tc (onset), highest volume fraction of 2223 phase, highest value of density and narrowest transition width. Multiphase structure of the samples was observed, major high-Tc 2223 phase coexists with small percentage of 2212 phase. Kinetic studies revealed that the thermal stability (ΔT = T x – T g ) increases for the sample quenched from 1250 o C. According to the results obtained it may be said that the structural, superconducting and thermoanalytical properties were optimum for the sample quenched on brass from 1250 o C.