صہباؔ لکھنوی
صہبا لکھنوی مدت سے بیمار تھے، وہ خلقتاً بھی نحیف اور کمزور تھے، اس کے باوجود افکار کی ترتیب و ادارت اور اس سے متعلقہ کاموں کی نگرانی کرتے تھے، بالآخر ۳۱؍ مارچ ۲۰۰۲ء میں پیامِ اجل آگیا، مرحوم ’’افکار‘‘ کے بانی مدیر تھے اور صحافیوں کی اس نسل سے تعلق رکھتے تھے جو صلہ و ستائش سے بے پروا ہوکر ادب پروری اور صحافت وادب کے فروغ کے لیے صحافت کے پیشے سے وابستہ ہوتی تھی۔
صہبا صاحب کا اصل نام سید شرافت علی تھا، ان کا آبائی وطن لکھنؤ تھا، مگر وہ ۲۵؍ دسمبر ۱۹۱۹ء کو بھوپال میں پیدا ہوئے تھے، تقسیم سے پہلے یہیں رہایش پذیر تھے اور ۱۹۴۵ء میں یہیں سے ماہنامہ افکار جاری کیا اور اپنی ساری قوت و توانائی اسی میں لگا دی، ان میں شعر و ادب اور نقد و نظر کی جو صلاحیتیں اور قابلیتیں پنہاں تھیں۔ ان کو افکار کے لیے قربان کردیا اور اپنے نوک خامہ سے دوسرے ارباب قلم کی تحریریں چمکاتے اور افکار میں شایع کر کے ان کی ہمت و حوصلہ بڑھاتے اور ان کی عزت افزائی کرتے، انہوں نے بڑے بڑے ادیبوں کی تحریروں کے معاملے میں اپنا حقِ ادارت محفوظ رکھا اور ان کی کوئی رورعایت نہیں کی۔
تقسیم کے بعد کراچی آئے تو افکار نے یہاں سے دوسرا جنم لیا، صہبا صاحب مالی مشکلات اور دوسری پریشانیوں سے دوچار ہوئے اور لوگوں کی نکتہ چینی کا نشانہ بنے مگر افکار کی خدمت و ترقی میں ہمہ تن منہمک رہے، رات دن اٹھتے بیٹھتے اور چلتے پھرتے افکار ہی ان کے دل و دماغ پر چھایا رہتا تھا، ان کے پاس زیادہ سرمایہ نہ تھا لیکن جو کچھ اور جس قدر تھا سب افکار کی نذر کردیا۔ اپنے بعد بھی اس کو جاری رکھنے کے لیے افکار فاؤنڈیشن...
Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies, together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rights, legends, and magic may be related to them. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truth, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. Sufism also known as Tasawwuf variously defined as Islamic mysticism. The inward dimension of Islam is mysticism in Islam characterized by particular values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions which began very early in Islamic history and represents "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of mystical practice in Islam. Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as "Sufis". Sufis have been characterized by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of remembrance of god, often performed after prayers. This article describes of the reality and fact of mysticism, its verbal and literal meanings, and its historical background and also describes its regional division and causes of Tasawwuf. It also analyses of the objections and its answers of which occurred on it.
Charcoal rot, incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid, is a serious disease of many crops, inflicting 100 % yield losses in Mung and Mash bean under dry and hot conditions. Therefore, biology and management of the disease was studied in 65 isolates of the fungus collected from 14 districts of Punjab and Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa. Morphologically, the isolates differed significantly in their growth behaviour, sclerotial size and weight. Sixteen isolates developed fast growth, 11 were slow and the rest were intermediate. Nine isolates produced large sized sclerotia, 26 small sized while the left over were intermediate. Similarly 35 isolates produced high weight of sclerotia, 12 low and the rest were intermediate in weight. Isolates collected form D.G.Khan, Chakwal and Bhakar were found to be highly variable. All the isolates differed in variability in aggressiveness. On the basis of infection, 23 isolates appeared to be highly virulent, 5 were least virulent and the remaining isolates showed intermediate response. Biological agents, antagonistic plant materials and chemicals were tested against the disease. All the test antagonists inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly, maximum of 79.63 % with T. harzianum and minimum of 58.14 % with T. pseudokoningii over control. Antagonists also affected survival of mung and mashbean plants significantly which was significantly higher at higher concentrations of all the antagonists. Survival of mung and mash plants treated with T. harzianum @ 2 x 10 8 was found maximum (83.33 and 80.0%) and minimum in case of T. pseudokoningii. Similarly, all the test plants inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly, maximum in case of Carum lopticum (68.61%) and2 Azadirachta indica (55.68%) the minimum (15.96%) inhibition with Nerium indicum at 100% concentration. Percentage inhibition was significantly higher at higher concentrations of all the plants as compared to other concentrations. Survival of plants was also found to be maximum, where seeds were treated with C. lopticum (83.33 and 76.66%) and A. indica (80.0 and 73.33%) at 100 % concentration. Mentha piperita and Foeniculum vulgare showed minimum plant survival (40 %) of mung and mash respectively. All fungicides inhibited the growth of M. phaseolina significantly. Maximum efficacy was shown by Benomyl (83.89%) and Carbendazim (79.11%) while Copperoxychloride showed the minimum (23.57 %). The mung and mashbean germplasm varied greatly in reaction to charcoal rot under inoculated conditions. In glass house studies, 14 out of 100 mungbean accessions appeared to be highly resistant as against 34 accessions under field conditions. In case of Mash only 5 lines out of 100 accessions were found to be highly resistant in pot experiment as against 12 accessions in the field.