7۔ با اثر طبقات کا اسلامی قوانین کی تنفیذ میں رکاوٹ بننا
حدود و قصاص قوانین کے نفاذکے راستہ میں ایک بڑی رکاوٹ ہمارے ملک کے بااثر طبقات ہیں جو اپنے طبقاتی مفادات کا ہر صورت میں تحفظ چاہتے ہیں۔ پاکستان کے ایک سابق وزیر خزانہ نے (1985ء کے لگ بھگ ) کہا تھا کہ پاکستان میں اسی ارب روپے کا ٹیکس حاصل ہونا چاہیے لیکن صرف بیس ارب روپے سرکاری خزانے میں جاتے ہیں۔ چالیس ارب روپے افسران کی جیب میں چلے جاتے ہیں اور بیس ارب روپے کا ٹیکس چوری ہوتا ہے۔ اگر چالیس ارب روپے افسران کی جیب میں جانے کا اندازہ صحیح ہے، تو جہاں پچاس فیصد سے زیادہ ٹیکس کی رقم ٹیکس جمع کرنے والوں کی جیب میں جاتی ہو، تو کیا وہ لوگ ٹیکس کا نیا نظام آنے دیں گے؟ ہر گز نہیں ۔ وہ اس میں رکاوٹ پیدا کریں گے ۔ جب زکوۃ کا نظام لایا گیا تو اس وقت اسلامی نظریاتی کونسل نے یہ کہا تھا کہ زکوۃ کے نظام کو کامیاب بنانے کے لیے ٹیکسوں کے نظام میں بڑی اور انقلابی تبدیلیاں لانے کی ضرورت ہے، ورنہ زکوۃ کا نظام کا میاب نہیں ہوگا ۔ اس وقت حکومت نے وعدہ کیا تھا کہ جلد ہی ٹیکسوں کے پورے نظام پر نظر ثانی کی جائے گی ۔ لیکن وہ تبدیلیاں نہیں ہوئیں اور ٹیکسوں کا نظام اسی طرح رائج ہے 503۔ اس کی بنیادی وجہ یہ ہے کہ ایک بہت بڑے طبقے کا مفاد اس نظام سے وابستہ ہے ۔ وہ طبقہ اس میں کوئی تبدیلی اور اصلاح نہیں ہونے دے گا ۔ بینکنگ اور ٹیکسوں کے نظام میں درجنوں بار اصلاحات تجویز ہوئیں لیکن وہ نافذ نہیں ہو سکیں، کیونکہ اس سے کئی با اثر طبقات کے مفادات پر زد پڑتی تھی۔
The freedom of religion in communist China is an ambiguous notion as the communist party understands religion as a reminiscent of backwardness and simultaneously proclaims the freedom of religion in the country. Islam, religion practiced by Hui minority, is included among the recognized religions of China and its adherents are granted rights to follow it. This paper argues that the Communist party has employed a disguised policy of controlling religious belief through establishing state controlled religious organizations and imparting freedom to practice religion. The slow and steady mind-making through these institutions train Hui youth to withdraw from their religion and to facilitate this withdrawal, the previously extant correlation between Hui ethnicity and religion (Islam) has been eliminated by the state and Hui ethnicity has nothing to do with religious affiliation anymore. The data for this research has been collected through ethnographic research upon the Hui community of Xi’an, employing unobtrusive observation as well as intensive interviewing.
This project is dedicated to fabricate and characterize the four different series of cubic spinel structure and then deposit two series of their thin films on silicon substrate. These series associated with the general formula Ag xCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 , ZnxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4, CdxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 and CuxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 where(x=0, 0.2, 0.4 0.6, 0.8, 1.0) employing the ceramic route method. After studding the fabrication and characterization of bulk ferrites, the thin films of AgxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5 O4 and ZnxCO1-x Cr0.5 Fe1.5O4 on Si(100) substrate have been deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition technique using Nd-YAG laser having (wave length of 248 nm at a fluence of 2.5 J/cm2 and repetition rate of 20 Hz) to improve the magnetic properties. The deposition parameters like substrate temperature, target to substrate distance, post annealing are kept constant. The analytical techniques X-ray diffractrometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope, Vibrating sample magnetometer, UV-visible spectroscopy, inductor capacitor resistor meter, Ellipsometry Spectroscopy and Atomic force microscopy are used to characterize them. The main focus of the recent work is on transition metals (Ag+2, Zn+2, Cd+2, Cu+2) doped cobalt chromium spinel ferrite due to their technological and potential applications like switching, data storage and recording media. The basic aim of this research work is to enhance the magnetic and optical properties by varying the doping concentration of transition metals. The importance of miniaturization of electronic circuits has increased the demand of thin films fabricated with new materials with better magnetic and optical properties. Previously no work has been published with theses composition; we want to fabricate such type of materials that have soft magnetic properties which have some saturation magnetization with the moderate coercivity. To achieve this goal first we have doped 25% of chromium (3mB) in iron to dilute the magnetic moment of iron (5 mB). After that select some non-magnetic with zero (mB) and the materials have less magnetic moment to control the magnetic and optical parameters. It has been observed that in first two series AgxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4, ZnxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4 the value of saturation magnetization is very low and coercivity is almost zero by doping of nonmagnetic ions and prepared ferrites become super-paramagnetic after that in CdxCo1-xCr0.5 Fe1.5O4 and CuxCo1-xCr0.5Fe1.5O4 both saturation magnetization andcoercivity enhanced with the substitution of least magnetic moment ions. The band gap is narrow for the doping of non-magnetic ion and becomes wider with replacement of least magnetic ions in the composition. As in bulk silver and zinc doped cobalt chromium ferrite have the weak magnetic properties. It has been tried to induce the magnetic properties in these materials with the help of thin films, because in thin films these properties may improve due to their shape and deposition parameters. The thin films of silver and zinc doped cobalt chromium ferrite have enhanced magnetic properties and narrowing the band gap energy as compare to their bulk ferrite. In zinc doped thin film the magnetization and coecivity is higher than silver doped ferrites. So, these thin films are proposed to use in the applications of high density recording media, refrigeration, bio separation etc.