محمد علی جناح
گزشتہ مہینہ جب کہ برہان کی کاپیاں پریس میں جاچکی تھیں مسٹر محمد علی جناح کے انتقال کی افسوسناک خبرملی۔ موصوف پاکستان کے معمار اولین اوراب اس کے قیام کے بعد اس کی ریڑھ کی ہڈی تھے اس بنا پر اہل پاکستان جتنا بھی غم اور ماتم کریں کم ہے لیکن اس سانحہ کاافسوس سب کوہی ہوا کیونکہ اگرچہ کچھ دن اوپر ایک برس ہواوہ ہم سے بچھڑ گئے تھے، تاہم تھے وہ معدن ہند کے ہی ایک گوہر آبدار اور ہندوستان کی شصت سالہ جدوجہد آزادی کی تاریخ کے صفحات ان کے ذکر سے بھی خالی نہیں ہیں۔
مرحوم کوعام طورپر ہندوؤں کادشمن سمجھا جاتاہے حالانکہ مسلمانوں کے قائد اعظم کا اُن پر ایک احسان ہی کیا کم ہے کہ جسے قدامت پرست ہندو خود چاہتے تھے مگرزبان سے اس کا اظہار تک نہ کرسکتے تھے وہ قائداعظم نے خودبخود کردیا یعنی ہندوستان کے آزاد ہونے کا وقت قریب آیاتوایک چھوٹا ساٹکڑا لے کریہ کہہ کر پوراملک ان کے حوالہ کردیا :
سپردم بتومایۂ خویش را
/تودانی حسابِ کم وبیش را
wاوریہاں کے مسلمانوں کوغیرموثرٔاقلیت میں تبدیل کرکے ایسا بے دست و پا بنادیا کہ اب ہندومہا سبھا تک کو ان تہی دستان قسمت پرغصہ آنے اوران کی طرف سے خوفزدہ ہونے کے بجائے ان پرترس آنے لگاہے :
کھیل ہیں دورِآسمانی کے
چنانچہ مرحوم کہابھی کرتے تھے کہ ’’ہندومجھ کواپنا دشمن سمجھتے ہیں لیکن اگر پاکستان بن گیا تووہ ہمیشہ میرے احسان مند رہیں گے اورمیرے مرنے کے بعد ان کومحسوس ہوگا میں ان کادشمن نہیں سچا دوست تھا۔‘‘
اس میں شبہ نہیں کہ مرحوم اپنی ذہانت وفطانت، قانونی اورپارلیمنٹری قابلیت و لیاقت،سیاسی سمجھ بوجھ،خوداعتمادی،قوت تحریر وخطابت،غیر معمولی قوت ارادی،مستقل مزاجی،حاضرجوابی، ان اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث عہد حاضر کے ایک بڑے آدمی تھے اورسیاسی لیڈر کی حیثیت سے ان کادامن...
A Sufi poet, teacher and philosopher, Hallaj was executed on the orders of an Abbasside caliph for uttering these words, taken to mean Hallaj as claiming himself to be God. After more than a decade of imprisonment, Hallaj was eventually executed publically in Baghdad in the year 922. He is seen by many as a revolutionary writer and teacher of his time, when practices of mysticism were not meant to be shared publically. Yet he remains a controversial figure, revered by Rumi, hated by many, he was labeled an intoxicated Sufi and is still read today. After his arrest in Sūs and a lengthy period of confinement (c. 911–922) in Baghdad, al-Ḥallāj was eventually crucified and brutally tortured to death. A large crowd witnessed his execution. He is remembered to have endured gruesome torture calmly and courageously and to have uttered words of forgiveness for his accusers. In a sense, the Islāmic community (ummah) had put itself on trial, for al-Ḥallāj left behind revered writings and supporters who courageously affirmed his teachings and his experience. In subsequent Islāmic history, therefore, the life and thought of al-Ḥallāj has been a subject seldom ignored. Here we get a realistic overview about him and his teachings.
Students’ conceptions of the Nature of Science (NOS) greatly influence their understanding of science and scientific knowledge. Therefore, an understanding of NOS is considered to be important in order to develop informed conceptions about science among the learners. Thus, by exploring the learners’ current understanding of NOS will help the teachers and educators of science to make their interventions in right direction. This study aimed to explore Grade 10 students’ conceptions about the four selected aspects of NOS that are the empirical nature of science, tentativeness, scientific method and scientific theories and laws. This study was conducted under the qualitative research paradigm. A sample of 28 students participated in this study and among them six were selected for semi-structured interviews through purposive sampling. Two types of research tools, Views of Nature of Science (VoNOS) and Nature Of Science Research Protocol (NOSRP) were used to collect data. Both the tools were modified to suit the purpose of the study. The interview data was audio-taped and transcribed. The data was analyzed by coding and categorizing it under the four predetermined themes.
The findings revealed that participants in this study held adequate views about the empirical nature of science. Most of the participants held adequate views and some of them possessed mixed-views about the tentative Nature of Science. Regarding the scientific method most of the students’ possessed inadequate views and few of them held mixed views. All participants demonstrated inadequate views about laws and theories.
The findings of the study revealed that, most of the students have inadequate views about NOS. Thus, an immediate help is needed in this regard to improve students’ understanding of NOS. This study also draws the attention of the stakeholders toward teachers’ professional development and inclusion of the concepts of NOS in science textbooks.