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Phytochemical Study of Flavonoids and Saponins from Leaves and Roots of Bergenia Himalaica

Thesis Info

Author

Hussain Muhammad Ajaz

Department

Deptt. of Chemistry, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2000

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

159

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil CHE/473

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676716276393

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ڈاکٹر طہ حسین

ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین
افسوس ہے پچھلے دنوں عالمِ اسلام کی دو بلند پایہ اور نامور شخصیتیں ہم سے جُدا ہوگئیں، اوریہ دونوں مصری تھیں، ایک ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین اوردوسرے شیخ ابوزہرہ۔اول الذکر بچپن میں ہی نابینا ہوگئے تھے لیکن اس کے باوجود علم وفضل اور ادب وانشاء میں وہ کمال پیدا کیا کہ نہ صرف مصرکے بلکہ مشرق کی ایک نامور شخصیت بن گئے۔ انھوں نے جامعۂ ازہر قاہرہ یونیورسٹی اورپھر فرانس میں تعلیم حاصل کی تھی، اس بناء پروہ کلاسکل اورجدید دونوں ادبیات کے مبصر اورصاحبِ فن نقاد تھے، ایک زمانہ میں پروفیسر مارگولیوتھ کی ہمنوائی میں انھوں نے اشعر الجاہلی کے نام سے جوکتاب لکھی تھی اس پر مصر میں ان کے خلاف اس قدر شدید ہنگامے ہوئے کہ لوگوں نے ان کاسوشل بائیکاٹ کردیا اور گورنمنٹ نے بھی کتاب کی اشاعت ممنوع قراردے دی۔اس کے بعد ڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین نے قابلِ اعتراض حصّہ کوخارج کرکے اسی کتاب کو الادب الجاہلی کے نام سے شائع کیا، اس کے علاوہ اورمتعدد کتب ، مثلاً حدیث الاربعاء تین جلدوں میں، علی ہامش السیرۃ، الشیخان، الفتنۃ الکبری، مراۃ الاسلام، الایام، وغیرہ مرحوم کی یادگار ہیں۔ لیکن ان کا اصل میدان ادبی تنقید تھا۔علاوہ ازیں وہ ایک خاص طرزِ تحریر کے بانی اور موجد تھے جس میں نسیم سحر کی لطافت، دریا کی روانی شعلہ کی لپک اورسیلِ رواں کی طاقت سب گھل مل گئے ہیں۔عرب کی نئی نسل کے ذہن اور فکر پرڈاکٹر طہٰ حسین کے قلم کے بہت گہرے اثرات ہیں اوراس حیثیت سے وہ بے شبہ عہدِ جدید کے ادبی معماروں میں ایک ممتاز مرتبہ ومقام کے مالک ہیں۔
[مئی ۱۹۷۴ء]

 

When Comes such Another? Asma Jahangir 1952 –2018

On the 11th of February this year death vanquished Pakistan’s Asma Jahangir: Nothing else could. Her name will endure; yet one cannot go on to say “death thou art dead” for the vacuum in the field where this indomitable and intellectually gifted lawyer fought and won her battles for the forgotten and ignored, the resource-less, and – above all – for the politically and socially persecuted is felt more gravely with each passing day: Asma Jahangir was a convinced human rights activist. There are many such, but she was a uniquely effective and successful one.

Modeling of Damage Growth in Frp Composites With Stress Raisers Such As Holes and Notches

Fibre reinforced polymer composite panels are preferred in high performance structural panels because they are strong, stiff and light. Stress raisers such as holes or notches (for accessibility, mechanical joining, and routing of cables etc.) may be present in any engineering structure and composite structures are no exception. Theoretically, a stress raiser is simply a localization of high stress-strain concentrations quantified by the Stress Concentration Factor (SCF). It is well established in literature and engineering practice that stress-strain concentrations due to holes or notches, unless accompanied by local plastic strain hardening, reduce the apparent strength of the panels. Since SCF is a function of elastic properties of the material, so in isotropic materials, the SCF is defined with elastic SCF (entails elastic properties within the elastic range of material) and plastic SCF (entails elastic properties in the plastic range of material). However, literature is scarce of such definition for the case of anisotropic/orthotropic materials, where the SCF is also a function of its elastic properties. Contrary to isotropic homogenous materials, composite panels offer a very complex structure, where fibres are generally regarded as brittle which deform elastically to final failure exhibiting either slight or no linear deformation. Whereas matrices generally experience plastic deformation hence the failure strain in matrics is far higher than the fibres. Additionally, once a composite panel containing a hole is subjected to tensile loading, tangential stress at the periphery of the hole in a perpendicular direction to the load axis attains a magnitude three times the far field stress under plane stress conditions. However, in a composite panel, the location and magnitude of the maximum stress are at the periphery of the hole changes with the fibre orientation and stacking sequence, therefore designers opt for large safety margins. This study has been performed to investigate the pre-damaged SCF and progressive-damaged SCF for anisotropic/orthotropic material analogous to elastic and plastic deformations in isotropic material respectively. The study presents a novel technique of calculating progressive-damaged SCF which evaluates the changing SCF in response to the progressive damage development within the composite panel. Finite Element (FE) representations simulate delamination damage using cohesive elements and in-plane damage using continuum damage mechanics. In the first part of the study, test coupons have been formulated under static conditions to consider important influencing factors on the SCF for the case of the composite panel containing a central circular hole subjected to tensile loading and compared with the already published literature. Later, several xii FE coupons have been formulated to precisely investigate the pre-damaged SCF and progressivedamaged SCF for the composite panel. During the study, the investigations of pre-damaged SCF and progressive-damaged SCF have also been performed using analytical and experimental approaches where applicable. The FE results are found in good agreement with the analytical and experimental results. The study provides a novel systematic FE approach for the estimation of progressive-damaged SCF for a composite panel, which has not been reported in the literature before. Certainly, the study proposes a paradigm shift in design philosophy which at present is limited to no-damage philosophy especially in aerospace, where the weight savings due to less generous safety factors are significant.