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Synthesis of Some Biologically Active Naturally and Non-Naturally Occurring Isocoumarins and 3, 4 Dihydroisocoumarins

Thesis Info

Author

Hussain Muhammad Tahir

Department

Deptt. of Chemistry, QAU.

Program

PhD

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2000

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

243

Subject

Chemistry

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/Ph.D CHE/482

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676716278716

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مولانا حافظ فضل رحمن ندوی

مولانا حافظ فضل الرحمن ندوی کیرانوی
علمائے ندوہ کی برادی میں یہ خبر بڑے افسوس کے ساتھ سنی جائے گی کہ ان کے سب سے پرانے رفیق اور دوست مولانا حافظ فضل رحمان صاحب ندوی امام و خطیب جامع مسجد خانقاہ مجددیہ سر ہند نے چند ماہ کی علالت کے بعد بمرض استسقاء بمقام مدرسۂ فرقانیہ لکھنؤ بتاریخ ۲؍ اکتوبر ۱۹۴۴؁ء بروز جمعہ ۷ بجکر ۴۳ منٹ شام کے وقت اس دنیائے فانی کو الوداع کہا، ان کی عمر غالباً ۶۵ برس کے اندر ہوگی، کیرانہ ضلع مظفر نگران کا اصلی وطن تھا، مگر بچپن سے وہ لکھنؤ آئے اور دارلعلوم ندوہ میں داخل ہوکر متوسطات تک کی تعلیم پائی اور فکر معاش سے مجبور ہوکر مدرسہ ہی میں صرف و نحو کی مدرسی کی خدمت قبول کرلی، وہ استاذنا جناب مولانا محمد فاروق صاحب چریا کوٹی مدرس اعلیٰ دارالعلوم کے محبوب شاگردوں میں تھے، صرف و نحو اور ریاضیات سے بڑی دلچسپی اور مہارت رکھتے تھے، انتظامی سلیقہ بھی اچھا تھا، جن لوگوں کو مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے زمانہ کے ندوہ اور الندوہ سے تعلق رہا ہے ان کو مکتب المعین کی بھی یاد ہوگی، مرحوم اس مکتبہ کے مہتمم اول تھے، لکھنؤ میں عربی کی مصری مطبوعات کی تجارت کا آغاز انہی نے کیا، اور اب موجودہ شبلی بک ڈپو اسی کی یادگار ہے۔
مرحوم نے عین جوانی میں انابت الی اﷲ کی توفیق پائی اور مدرسہ کی نوکری چھوڑ کر مولانا عین القضاۃ صاحب لکھنویؒ سے نقشبندی مجددی طریقہ میں بیعت کی اور انہی کے درسہ فرقانیہ میں مدرس بھی ہوگئے اور پھر انہی کے ہو رہے، انہی کے زمانہ میں حج سے بھی فراغت پائی ان کی وفات کے بعد لکھنؤ سے سر ہند جاکر خانفاہ مجددیہ کی جامع مسجد میں خطابت و امامت قبول کی آخر میں اس کا معاوضہ چھوڑ کر...

آیتِ کریمہ يَاأَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا لَا تَقُولُوا رَاعِنَا وَقُولُوا انْظُرْنَا سےحجیتِ سدُالذرائع پر ابنِ حزم کےمعارضہ کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ An Analytical Study of the Ibn-e-Hazam’s Objections to Authenticity of the Sadd-o-Zaree'ah

As well as per Shariah, it is admissible and some of the time even mandatory to save the devotees from the activities that might lead them towards the prohibited exercises. Consequently, the decision of denial from these kinds of exercises is called Sadd-e-Zaree'a. This is the guideline derived from the Quran and Sunnah. As Almighty Allah prohibited the devotees to say 'Raina' because this word was utilized by Jews purposely in an off-base way with underhanded aims, while, Muslims introduced their solicitations by this equivalent word in the most elevated court of The Holy Prophet (harmony and gifts arrive) for looking for effortlessness and unwinding in their concerned issues. As in Quran: O People who Believe, don't tell (the Prophet Mohammed-harmony and gifts arrive), "Raina (Be accommodating towards us)" however say, "Unzurna (Look leniently upon us)", and listen mindfully in any case. [Baqarah 2:104]. (To disregard the Holy Prophet - harmony and endowments arrive - is impiety.) Ibn Hazm in his famous book Al-Aḥkām Fī ūṣūl Al-Aḥkām has objected to the mentioned verse from which jurists have taken the argument of Sadd-e-Zaree'a. Because the Zahiri school of thought is based on the appearance of the text (Quran o Hadees). This is why Ibn Hazm Zahiri denies it (the source of Shariah), and proves that accepting the source of Shariah is an increase in religion which is in itself illegitimate as well as the opposition of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). There is also the addition of items by their thoughts in Shariah. In the above article, an analytical study of the objections of Allama Ibn Hazm will be presented, explaining the sources and the arguments as to whether or not their source is Shariah.

Role of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria and Chemical Fertilizers on Plant Growth, Oil Content and Quality of Safflower and Canola and Their Potential for Biodiesel Production

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the role of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) alone and supplemented with chemical fertilizers to improve quantity and quality of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) with perspective to biodiesel production. First experiment of the series was conducted to evaluate the effect of PGPR viz. Azospirillum brasilense and Azotobacter vinelandii and chemical fertilizers (Urea and DAP) alone and in combination (under axenic conditions) on enzymes activities of rhizospheric soil in addition to general impact on growth of safflower cvv. Thori and Saif-32. The PGPR were applied as seed inoculation at the rate of 10 6 cells/mL prior to sowing. Chemical fertilizers were applied at full (Urea 60 Kg ha -1 and Diammonium phosphate (DAP) 30 Kg ha -1 ), half (Urea 30 Kg ha -1 and DAP 15 Kg ha -1 ) and quarter doses (Urea 15 Kg ha -1 and DAP 7.5 Kg ha -1 ) during sowing. The colony forming units (cfu) of Azospirillum and Azotobacter were higher in the presence of quarter dose of chemical fertilizers. Activities of soil enzymes viz. urease and phosphatase were enhanced by Azotobacter in combination with quarter doses of chemical fertilizers and Azospirillum in combination with half dose of chemical fertilizers respectively whereas; root proliferation was enhanced by Azotobacter and Azospirillum supplemented with half and quarter doses of chemical fertilizers. The 2 nd experiment was focused on the effect of PGPR and chemical fertilizers under field conditions on plant growth, seed yield, oil contents and quality of safflower with perspective to biodiesel production. The indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, oil contents, oil/protein ratio and seed phenolics were improved by Azospirillum with half dose of chemical fertilizers. Azospirillum in combination with quarter dose of chemical fertilizers improved the fatty acid profile, oil quality and amino acids contents with parallel increase in biodiesel yield whereas; Azotobacter in combination with quarter dose of chemical fertilizers improved seed crude protein and induced protein of 130 KDa and 100 KDa. Seed nutrients viz. Ca +2 , K + were increased by Azotobacter and Azospirillum supplemented with half dose of chemical fertilizers. In the 3 rd experiment effects of chemical fertilizers, Azospirillum and Azotobacter were studied on plant growth, seed yield and oil quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) var. Pakola pertaining to biodiesel production. Significant improvements in seed yield ixand seed size were recorded in chemical fertilizer treatment while oleic acid (C18:1) was improved by Azospirillum treatment with parallel decrease in erucic acid contents. Azotobacter showed maximum increase in seed oil content with concomitant decrease in seed glucosinolate and moisture content. Chemical fertilizers and Azospirillum decreased the oil acid value and free fatty acid (%FFAs) contents with concomitant increase in seed protein and biodiesel yield (93 % and 92% respectively). Protocol for the production of safflower biodiesel was optimized using 1 H NMR, FT- IR, GC-MS and refractometer techniques. The biodiesel samples prepared by base catalyzed transesterification reaction showed maximum yield (97.84%) at 0.5% catalyst concentration with 6:1 methanol/oil ratio at 65°C as quantified by 1 H NMR technique with minimum (1.41) refractive index and improved physico-chemical properties. The GC/MS analysis showed the presence of five major faty acid methyl esters. Improvement in separation and quantification of fatty acid methyl esters in safflower oil was achieved using comprehensive two-dimensional GC (GC×GC). The GC×GC separation accomplished by the combination of SLB-IL111 with IL59 column phases provided excellent separation of FAME standard mixture and also safflower FAMEs were well separated and quantified in a short run of 16 min. It is inferred that PGPR can supplement the chemical fertilizers upto 50%–75% in order to obtain optimum growth and yield of safflower and use of advanced technologies improved biodiesel and fatty acid analyses being more rapid, precise and cost effective.