Determinants of Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women

Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172(63.47%) and areMuslims 259(95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71(26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66(24.4%), then husband’s wish 45(16.6%)and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0.000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0.001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grandermultiparty.

Ablatives Based on Multiple Reinforced Elastomeric Composites for Aerospace Applications

Ablatives are materials used to protect the inner hardware of aerospace structures from the inimical temperature and shear environments. Fifty six diverse compositions have been used with numerous incorporations (MWCNTs, nanokaolinite, nanomontmorillonite, fine natural cork, phenolic resin, carbon fiber, Kevlar fiber, glass fiber, Spectra fiber, and ceramic fiber) and elastomeric matrices ( ethylene propylene monomer, styrene butadiene, silicon, and nitrile butadiene rubber) to fabricate polymer ablative composites for hyperthermal/hypersonic environment encountered during the space vehicle and ballistic missiles re-entry missions. The reinforcements have been impregnated into the elastomeric matrices using internal dispersion kneader and two-roller mixing mill. Three types of mold geometries have been used according to ASTM standards to fabricate the composites on the hot isostatic press to evaluate in-situ back-face temperature elevation, linear/radial ablation resistance, and mechanical properties. High temperature ( ≈ 3000 o C) oxy–acetylene torch coupled with the temperature data logging system was used to execute the ablation measurements of the ablative composites. Thermal stability and heat absorbing capability investigations have been carried out on the TG/DTA equipment. Mechanical properties have been executed using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and rubber hardness tester. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with the energy dispersive spectroscopy was performed to demonstrate the reinforcement’s dispersion, interface quality, char morphology, char–reinforcement interaction, and compositional analysis of the composites. The ablation, thermal, and mechanical properties of the fabricated composites have been positively influenced with increasing the concentration of the nanoclays/synthetic fibers/nanotubes in the host rubber matrices. The least backface temperature evolution under 200s flame exposure, best linear/radial/mass ablation resistance, and the utmost improvement in tensile strength and elongation at break have been observed for 30 wt% nanokaolinite and 7 wt% chopped Kevlar fiber impregnated ablative composites. High thermal stability, heat quenching capability, low thermal conductivity, mechanical strength, and remarkable reinforcement–matrix adhesion are identified as the most viiprominent factors for enhanced ablation performance. The novelty of this research work is the fabrication of new ablative formulations with augmented ablation resistance (linear ablation rate of ~ 0.002mm/s) and back-face temperatures in the vicinity of 55 o C. This compares with the ablation rates of 0.01mm/s and back-face temperatures 130 o C for contemporary work using elastomeric composites under similar conditions. A host of ablators have been ranked in terms of linear and radial ablation rate, backface temperature, and mechanical strength following head-on impingement, or radial flow conditions of oxy- acetylene flame. The designer can choose the appropriate combination of ablators for the situation at hand using the ablation data provided in consolidated form towards the end of the thesis.